PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC

( JJ512)
4
PNEU
Word from
GREEK
FLUID
(wind)
MATIC
Word from
GREEK
POWER
PNEUMATIC IS A SYSTEM DRIVEN BY FLUID POWER
Pneumatics is the use of gas to transmit power
from one point to another.

Derived from the Greek word ---
Pneu = Wind
Matic = Power

:- therefore, the pneumatic system may
be interpreted as a system driven by wind power.
AVAIBILITY
Is available practically everywhere in unlimited quantities
TRANSPORT
Can be easily transported in pipelines, even over large distances
STORAGE
Can be stored in a reservoir and removed as required.
TEMPERATURE
Is relatively insensitive to temperature fluctuations. This ensue
reliable operation, even under extreme conditions.
EXPLOSION PROOF
No risk of explosion or fire
CLEANLINESS
Unlubricated exhaust air is clean. Any unlubricated air which
escape through leaking pipes or components does not cause
contamination.
COMPONENTS
The operating components are of simple construction and
therefore relatively inexpensive
SPEED
Is a very fast working medium. This enables high working speeds to
be attained.
OVERLOAD SAFE
Pneumatic tools and operating components can be loaded to the
point of stopping and are therefore overload safe.
Automobile Industry
Food Processing Industry
Shipping Industry
Electronics Industry
Robotics Industry



IN DAILY LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL
IN CARRYING AND
WORKING OPERATION
Air Gun Clamping Drilling
Insect Spray Shifting Turning
Jack Air Positioning Milling
Door Bus Packaging Sawing
Spray Paint Sorting of Parts Finishing
Grinder Stacking of Component Forming
Compressor Air dryer Air receiver
Service
Unit
Control
Valves
Actuator
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Compressor
To gather and compress air from normal to high pressure.
Those air compressors in which successive volumes of air are
enclosed and then elevated to a higher pressure by reducing
the volume of the enclosure holding air.
Air dryer
To dry the compressed air before it is provided to pneumatic
system and to avoid pneumatic components form corrosion.
Receiver
To receive and keep compressed air. Receiver should be
fitted with a safety valve, pressure gauge to manage the air
pressure.
Service Unit
Consist of tree components. There are filter, regulator and
lubricator. Its functions is to remove all contaminants such as
dust and rust particles from the compressed air, manage air
pressure and to extend
Directional Control
Valve
Determines the flow of air between its ports by opening,
closing or changing its internal connections. So directional
control valve is used to control air and cylinder direction or
movement.
Actuator
To transform the potential energy of the compressed air into
mechanical work. The work done by pneumatic actuator or
rotary.
BIL ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1 Air is available practically everywhere in
unlimited quantities
Noise level- The Exhaust air is loud
2 Air can be easily transported in
pipelines, even over large distance
Compressed air has limited output
force
3 Compressed air is relatively insensitive
to temperature fluctuations. This
ensures reliable operation, even under
extreme conditions.
Compressed air requires good
preparation. Dirt and condensation
of air should not be present.
4 Compressed air offers no risk of
explosion or fire
It is not always possible to achieve
uniform and constant piston speeds
with compressed air
5 Unlubricated exhaust air is clean
6 The operating components are of
simple construction and therefore
relatively inexpensive
Pressure Switch
Compressor
Drain
Check Valve Motor
Tank
Pressure Gauge Refrigerated Air Dryer
Line Filter
Directional Valve
Air Line Take-off
Drain
Conditioning Unit
Actuator
Thank you
PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC
(JJ512)
1. PRESSURE
3 ways to measure pressure which is in kPa,
Bar and Psi unit.

1 atm (atmosfera) = 100 kPa
= 14.5 psi
= 1.0132 bar
= 100 kN/m
2
What is Boyles Law?

Boyles Law is one of the laws in physics that
concern the behaviour of gases
When a gas is under pressure it takes up less
space:
The higher the pressure, the smaller the volume
Boyles Law tells us about the relationship between
the volume of a gas and its pressure at a constant
temperature
The law states that pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

v
o
l
u
m
e









P= 1 , V= 1 P= 2 , V= 1/2 P= 5 , V= 1/5
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

P
1
= 1/V
1


In Newton unit


forces exerted by the actuator cylinder is not
100% because of losses due to friction that
occurs at the surface of the piston and the
cylinder surface actuators. So the effective
force will be :

F [N] = P [N/m
2
] x A [m
2
]
Feff [N] = P x D X 7
Dew Point is the temperature at which water vapor
in the air begins to condense to form liquid water.
Can cause problems in a pneumatic system when
the temperature of the compressed air drops to the
dew point and the vapor condenses into liquid water

Is basically an air pump that compresses air
into the receiver tank.
Compress air from atmospheric pressure to a
higher pressure
This is done by reducing the air volume
The receiver tank acts as a pressure source
from which the system can draw as dictated
by the flow demand.
COMPRESSOR
(PEMAMPAT)
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
(ANJAKAN POSITIVE)
RECIPROCATING
(PEMAMPAT JENIS
SALINGAN)
ROTARY
(PEMAMPAT JENIS
PUTARAN)
NON-POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
(DINAMIK)
CENTRIFUGAL
(PEMAMPAT
ALIRAN JEJARI)
AXIAL
(PEMAMPAT
ALIRAN PAKSI)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
1. a given quantity of air or gas
is trapped in a compression
chamber and the volume
which it occupies is
mechanically reduced,
causing a corresponding rise
in pressure prior to discharge

2. At constant speed, the air
flow remains essentially
constant with variations in
discharge pressure
NON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
1. Also called dynamic
compressor
2. Dynamic compressors impart
velocity energy to
continuously flowing air or gas
by means of impellers rotating
at very high speeds.
3. The velocity energy is
changed into pressure energy
both by the impellers and the
discharge volutes or diffusers.
Impeller
DISPLACEMENT
COMPESSOR
RECIPROCATING
PISTON DIAPHRAM
ROTARY
VANE SCREW
1. Air taken in at atmospheric pressure is compressed
to the required pressure in a single stroke.
2. Downward movement of the piston increases
volume to create a lower pressure than that of the
atmosphere, causing air to enter the cylinder
through the inlet valve.
3. At the end of the stroke, the piston moves
upwards, the inlet valve closes as air is
compressed, forcing the outlet valve to open
discharging air into a receiver tank..
Suction line
Suction valve
Discharge line
Valve plate
Head Discharge
valve
Piston
Rings
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
1. When air is compressed above 6 bar, the excessive heat
create greatly reduces the efficiency. Because of this,
piston compressors used in industrial compressed air
systems are usually two stage
2. Air is taken in at atmospheric pressure is compressed in
two stages to the final pressure
3. If the final pressure is 7 bar, the first stage normally
compresses the air to approximately 3 bar, after which
it is cooled. It is then fed into the second stage cylinder
which compresses it to 7 bar.
4. The compressed air enters the second stage cylinder at
a greatly reduced temperature after passing through
the intercooler, thus improving efficiency compared to
that of a single stage unit.

1. Diaphragm compressor provide compressed
air in the 3-5 bar range totally free of oil and
are therefore widely used by food,
pharmaceutical and similar industries.
2. The diaphragm provides a change in
chamber volume. This allows air intake in
the down stroke and compression in the up
stroke.
Diaphragm compressor


1. ROTARY SLIDING VANE COMPRESSOR

1. SCREW COMPRESSOR.

Volume
increase
Outlet port
Vane
rotor
Inlet port
1. This has an eccentricity mounted rotor having a
series of vanes sliding in radial slots.
2. As the rotor rotates, centrifugal force holds the
vanes in contact with the stator wall and the
space between the adjacent blades decreases
from the air inlet to outlet, so compressing the
air
3. Lubrication and sealing is achieved by injecting
oil into the air stream near the inlet.
4. The oil also acts as a coolant limit the delivery
temperature.

Volume
increase
INLET
OUTLET
1. Two meshing helical rotors rotate in
opposite directions.
2. The free space between them decrease
axially in volume and this compresses the air
trapped between the rotors.
3. Oil flooding provides lubrication and sealing
between the two rotating screws.
4. Oil separators remove this oil from the
outlet air.

The basic operating theory of dynamic
compressors is converting the kinetic energy
of high-speed air into pressure
Dynamic compressor designs are either:
Centrifugal
Axial

39
Centrifugal dynamic
compressor
Centrifugal dynamic
compressor:
An impeller increases airspeed
Prime mover energy is
converted into kinetic energy as
airspeed rapidly increases through
the impeller
Kinetic energy is converted to
air pressure as air movement slows
in the volute collector
40
Impeller assembly
of a centrifugal
dynamic
compressor
41
Axial-flow dynamic compressor:
Rotating rotor blades increase air speed
Fixed stator blades decrease airspeed
Kinetic energy is converted to air pressure
Series of rotor and stator sections are staged
to form the axial-flow compressor
42
Axial-flow dynamic compressor
43
Pressure is created
when high-speed air
is slowed by the
fixed stator blades
NON-POSITIVE/ DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT
1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
D : A type of dynamic compressor that
compresses air and expels it with a centrifugal
force from a rotating wheel with radial vanes.
Centrifugal compressors are often used for fans
and cooling units.

2.AXIAL COMPRESSOR
D: The air is accelerated in the axial direction of
flow by means of blades.


CONCLUSION

+ ve displacement compressor are used in
fluid power application because they are capable
of producing flow against high pressures.

- ve displacement compressor are low
pressure, high flow pumps that are used in fluid
transfer
1) FAD is the actual quantity of
compressed air at the discharge of the
compressor
2) FAD at atmosphere pressure is vary
depending on place
3) The standard air for free air pressure
standards is

1.010 BAR = 0
O
C

FREE AIR DELIVERY (FAD)
AIR COMPRESSOR ACCESSORIES
Is to remove all contaminants such
as dust and rust particles entering
inlet of the air pressure
INPUT
STRAINER AND
SILENCER
To receive and keep compressed air.
AIR RESERVOIR
Used to control or limit the pressure
in a system to ensure the system in
the stable condition
PRESSURE
RELIEF VALVE
SERVICE UNIT
Consist of Filter, Regulator and
Lubricator. Function to regulate the
pressure and lubricate the air.


RESERVOIR
UDARA
INPUT
STRAINER
PRESSURE
RELIEF
VALVE
SERVIS
UNIT
For the continuing performance of control systems and working element
it is necessary to guarantee that the air supply is: at the required pressure,
dry and clean.
50
AIR DEHYDRATION
Lowering the temperature and drying air after the compression process
COMPRESSOR DRYER RECEIVER
UNIT SERVICE
DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL
VALVE
ACTUATOR
AFTER
COOLERS
AIR
COOLED
WATER
COOLED
AIR DRYER
ABSORPTION DRYING
ADSORPTION DRYING
REFRIGERANT
DRYING
MAIN LINE FILTER
1. After final compression, the air will be hot
and, when cooling, will deposit water in
considerable quantities in the air-line
system which should be avoided.
2. The most effective way to remove the major
part of this condensate is to subject the air
to after-cooling, immediately after
compression.
3. Aftercoolers are heat exchangers, being
either air cooled or water cooled
1. Consisting of a nest of tubes through which
the compressed air flows and over which a
forced draught of cold air is passed by
means of a fan assembly.
2. The outlet temperature of the cooled
compressed air should be approximately
15 c above the ambient cooling temperature

1. Essentially, a steel shell housing tubes with
water circulating on one side and air on the
other, usually arranged so that the flow is in
opposite direction through the cooler.
2. A water cooled aftercooler should ensure that
the air discharged will be approximately 10 c
above the temperature of the cooling water
3. An automatic Drain attached to, or integral
with, the aftercooler, removes the accumulated
condensation.

ABSORBANCE
DRYING

Purely chemical
process
Chemical methods
to absorb water
from air
After absorbing
chemicals
will become liquid
Chemicals -
UREA,LITHIUM
DAN CaCl
ADSORPTION
DRYING
Chemical
methods for
drying air
The water
vapor from air
stick in the
surface
chemical
Chemicals
silica gel and
activated
alumina
COOLANT DRYING
Air compression
method at the
appropriate
temperature (44
OC)
Using a
coolant
(refrigerant) as
the coolant
The
resulting cold
air and dry
MAIN LINE FILTER
Main Line Filter
are used for
filtration of
water, air and
chemicals.
AIR DRYERS
ABSORPTION DRYING
PENGERING UDARA
1. The compressed air is forced
through a drying agent (lithium
chloride or calcium chloride) which
reacts with the moisture to form a
solution which is drained from the
bottom of the vessel shown in
figure.

2. The drying agent must be replenish
at regular intervals as the dew point
increase.

3. Advantages: low initial and
operating cost
ADSORPTION DRYING
Activated alumina Silica gel
1. Water is deposited on the surface of
solids.

2. Chemical such as silica gel or activated
alumina in granular form is contained
in a vertical chamber to physically
absorb moisture from the compressed
air.

3. Usually two tanks are used. When the
gel in one tank is saturated, the air
flow is switched to the dry, second
tank and the first tank is
regeneratedby hot-air drying.

4. The lowest equivalent dew points
(down to 90 C) can be achieved by
means of adsorption drying
COOLANT / REFRIGERANT /LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING
1. The aim is to reduce the
temperature of the air to a dew
point which ensures that the water
in the air condenses and drops out in
the quantity required.

2. The air entering into the refrigerant
dryer is pre-cooled in a heat
exchanger by escaping cold air.

3. It is then cooled in the cooling unit
to temperatures between +2c and 5
c.

4. The dried compressed air is filtered.

5. Before the compressed air is output
into the network, the air is heated
back to ambient conditions.


1. A large capacity filter should be
installed after the air receiver to
remove contamination, oil vapors
from the air