CHAPTER 1

Part 1
MATERIAL STRUCTURE
AND
BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM
Atomic Structure
nucleus
Electron : charge magnitude : -1.60x10
-19
C
Proton : + 1.60x10
-19
C
Neutron : neutral, no charge
Is the basic unit of matter.

3 basic particles of atoms are : ELECTRON, PROTON AND NEUTRON
Remember an atom will contain equal number of P and E !!
Element structure
Is the substance that is made up from one type of atom.

Cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical
method.

Has its own atomic mass.

Has equal number of protons and number of electrons.

Example : Hydrogen is made up of one type of atom containing 1
proton and 1 electron.

MOLECULE AND COMPOUND
MOLECULE : 2 OR more atoms that are chemically joined together.
Example : H
2
, O
2
, H
2
0

COMPOUND : contains more than 1 type element. ( at least 2
different elements)
Example : H
2
0 , CO
2
, NH
3



Remember : All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
compounds!!

H
2
O
2
H
2
0

Molecules but not
compound because each
is composed of a single
element
Molecule and compound


The Periodic Table
Is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements.
Is organized on the basis of their atomic number,
electron configuration and recurring chemical
property.
Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic
number ( number or proton)>> row
Elements arrayed in similar electron structure as well
as chemical and physical properties >> column

HOW TO FIND NUMBER OF PROTON , ELECTRON
AND NEUTRON OF AN ELEMENT ?
6
C
CARBON
12.011


Try this
CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES
Atoms in crystalline solids : positioned in an order and repeated pattern.
The repetitive entities in such structure is called the unit cells.
Most common metals exists in at least one of three relatively simple crystal
structures; which is
a) BCC body centered cubic b) FCC face-centered cubic
b) HCP hexagonal close-packed
Example : Atomic Radii and Crystal Structure for
few metals
BCC Structure
Has cubic unit cell with atoms located at all 8 corners and a single atom at the cube
center

Has two atoms per unit cell, one in the center and 1/8 of each of the 8 corner atoms.




Lattice parameter @ length of unit cell can be calculated by using the following formula.



cell t 2atoms/uni 1) (1 8)
8
1
( atoms of Number
a
a
R
3
4R
a
Where,

R = atomic radius

a = unit cell length
FCC Structure
Has atoms located at each of the corners and centers of all the cube faces.
Has 4 atoms per unit cell, one-half at each of six faces and 1/8 of each of the 8
corner atoms.


Lattice parameter @ length of unit cell can be calculated by using the following
formula , where, a=unit cell length and R= atomic radius.
cell t 4atoms/uni )
2
1
(6 8)
8
1
( atoms of Number
a
a
4R
R
2 2R a
HCP Structure
Has a unit cell that is hexagonal.
The top and bottom faces consists 6 atoms that form a regular hexagons
and surround a single atom in the center.
Another plane consists 3 additional atoms which is situated in the middle.
Has 6 atoms per unit cell, 1/6 of each of the 12 top and bottom face corner
atoms, of each of the center face atoms and 3 midplane interior atoms.

Where a and c
represents the short
and long unit cell
dimensions
respectively
Terms in Recrystallization Process
Is the formation of a new set of strain-free grains within a
previously cold-worked material usually by an annealing heat
treatment.
Crystal structure the manner in which atoms/ions are arrayed in
space.
Space lattice the regular geometrical arrangement of atoms




Lattice
Not Lattice
Space Lattice and Crystal
Terms in Recrystallization Process
2 different
orientations
of grains
Grain Boundary
Grain an individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic.
Grain Boundary the interface separating two adjoining grains
having different crystallographic orientations.

Atomic Bonding in Solids
Atomic bonding is the interatomic forces that bind the atoms
together.
There are primary and secondary bonds found in solids:

Primary / Chemical Bonding > stronger bonds
3 types of primary bond:-
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic

Secondary / Physical Bonding > weaker bonds
2 types of secondary bond:-
Van der Waals
Hydrogen
Ionic Bonding
Electrically charged ions are formed by the transfer of electron
from one atom to another.
Found in compounds composed of both metallic and nonmetallic
elements.

Example : NaCl , MgO
Characteristics :
stable, hard, brittle,
electrically and
thermally insulative.




Tendency to lose outermost
electrons
( donor > +ve ion)
Tendency to gain
electrons
(acceptor > -ve ion)
Covalent Bonding
Involving sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms.
2 atoms that are covalently bonded will each contribute at least 1e
to the bond.
Nonmetallic elemental molecules ( H
2
, Cl
2
, F
2
) and molecules
containing dissimilar atoms ( CH
4
, H
2
O, HNO
3
, HF) are covalently
bonded.
Characteristics : Varies
Diamond ( strong, hard, high melting temperature)
Bismuth ( very weak, low melting temperature)


(Methane)
Valence electrons form a sea of electrons that is uniformly dispersed
around the metal ion cores and act as a form of glue for them.




Found in metals and their alloys. Ex: Fe (iron), W (tungsten)
Characteristics:
Good electrical and thermal conductors due to their free valence electrons
Opaque neither transparent (allowing all light to pass through) nor
translucent (allowing some light to pass through)
Ductile (material's ability to deform under tensile stress(stretched into a wire)

Metallic Bonding
Metal ions / Ion cores
Sea of electrons /
Electron cloud
Van der Waals
resulted from attractive forces between electric dipoles.
Weakest bond
Exists between all atoms or molecules, inert gas (which has
stable e structure, and between covalently bonded molecules.
Ex : Ar, Cl
2





Hydrogen bonding
Most common in covalent bonded molecules.
Found to exist between some molecules that have hydrogen as
one of the constituents.
Ex : NH
3,
H
2
O
Secondary Bonding
+ -
+ -
Atomic or molecular dipoles
Van der Waals
bonding
between two
dipoles
THE END