=
Where:
h
f
= Head loss [m]
f = Friction factor [ - ]
L = Length of pipe [m]
D = Diameter of the pipe [m]
c = Water velocity [m/s]
g = Gravity [m/s
2
]
Example
Calculation of the head loss
u
=
D c
Re
Power Plant data:
H = 100 m Head
Q = 10 m
3
/s Flow Rate
L = 1000 m Length of pipe
D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe
The pipe material is steel
Where:
c = 3,2 m/s Water velocity
v = 1,30810
-6
m
2
/s Kinetic viscosity
Re = 4,9 10
6
Reynolds number
g 2
c
D
L
f h
2
f
=
0,013
Where:
Re = 4,9 10
6
Reynolds number
c = 0,045 mm Roughness
D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe
c/D = 2,25 10
-5
Relative roughness
f = 0,013 Friction factor
The pipe material is steel
Example
Calculation of the head loss
Power Plant data:
H = 100 m Head
Q = 10 m
3
/s Flow Rate
L = 1000 m Length of pipe
D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe
The pipe material is steel
Where:
f = 0,013 Friction factor
c = 3,2 m/s Water velocity
g = 9,82 m/s
2
Gravity
m 4 , 3
82 , 9 2
2 , 3
2
1000
013 , 0
g 2
c
D
L
f h
2 2
f
=
=
Calculation of maximum pressure
Static head, H
gr
(Gross Head)
Water hammer, Ah
wh
Deflection between pipe supports
Friction in the axial direction
H
g
r
Maximum pressure rise due to the
Water Hammer
g
c a
h
max
wh
= A
Ah
wh
= Pressure rise due to water hammer [mWC]
a = Speed of sound in the penstock [m/s]
c
max
= maximum velocity [m/s]
g = gravity [m/s
2
]
Jowkowsky
a
L 2
T IF
C
<<
Example
Jowkowsky
m 1020
g
c a
h
max
wh
=
= A
a = 1000 [m/s]
c
max
= 10 [m/s]
g = 9,81 [m/s
2
]
a
L 2
T
C
<<
Maximum pressure rise due to the
Water Hammer
C
max
C
max
wh
T g
L 2 c
T
a
L 2
g
c a
h
= A
Where:
Ah
wh
= Pressure rise due to water hammer [mWC]
a = Speed of sound in the penstock [m/s]
c
max
= maximum velocity [m/s]
g = gravity [m/s
2
]
L = Length [m]
T
C
= Time to close the main valve or guide vanes [s]
a
L 2
T IF
C
>
Example
m 61
T g
L 2 c
h
C
max
wh
=
= A
L = 300 [m]
T
C
= 10 [s]
c
max
= 10 [m/s]
g = 9,81 [m/s
2
]
Calculation of the pipe thickness
t
C r p
t L 2 C p D L
s i
t
t s i
= o
o =
( )
wh gr
h H g p + =
Where:
L = Length of the pipe [m]
D
i
= Inner diameter of the pipe [m]
p = Pressure inside the pipe [Pa]
o
t
= Stresses in the pipe material [Pa]
t = Thickness of the pipe [m]
C
s
= Coefficient of safety [ - ]
= Density of the water [kg/m
3
]
H
gr
= Gross Head [m]
Ah
wh
= Pressure rise due to water hammer [m]
p
o
t
o
t
Based on:
Material properties
Pressure from:
Water hammer
Static head
Example
Calculation of the pipe thickness
m 009 , 0
C r p
t
t L 2 C p D L
t
s i
t s i
=
o
=
o =
( ) MPa 57 , 1 h H g p
wh gr
= + =
Where:
L = 0,001 m Length of the pipe
D
i
= 2,0 m Inner diameter of the pipe
o
t
= 206 MPa Stresses in the pipe material
= 1000 kg/m
3
Density of the water
C
s
= 1,2 Coefficient of safety
H
gr
= 100 m Gross Head
Ah
wh
= 61 m Pressure rise due to water hammer
p
o
t
o
t
Based on:
Material properties
Pressure from:
Water hammer
Static head
Calculation of the economical
correct diameter of the pipe
Diameter [m]
C
o
s
t
[
$
]
( )
0
dD
K K d
dD
dK
t f tot
=
+
=
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Hydraulic Losses
Where:
P
Loss
= Loss of power due to the head loss [W]
= Density of the water [kg/m
3
]
g = gravity [m/s
2
]
Q = Flow rate [m
3
/s]
h
f
= Head loss [m]
f = Friction factor [ - ]
L = Length of pipe [m]
r = Radius of the pipe [m]
C
2
= Calculation coefficient
5
2
4 2
2
f Loss
r
C
r g 2
Q
r 2
L
f Q g h Q g P =
t
= =
Power Plant data:
H = 100 m Head
Q = 10 m
3
/s Flow Rate
q
plant
= 85 % Plant efficiency
L = 1000 m Length of pipe
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Cost of the Hydraulic Losses per year
Where:
K
f
= Cost for the hydraulic losses []
P
Loss
= Loss of power due to the head loss [W]
T = Energy production time [h/year]
kWh
price
= Energy price [/kWh]
r = Radius of the pipe [m]
C
2
= Calculation coefficient
price
5
2
price Loss f
kWh T
r
C
kWh T P K = =
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Present value of the Hydraulic Losses per year
price
5
2
f
kWh T
r
C
K =
Where:
K
f
= Cost for the hydraulic losses []
T = Energy production time [h/year]
kWh
price
= Energy price [/kWh]
r = Radius of the pipe [m]
C
2
= Calculation coefficient
Present value for 20 year of operation:
( )
=
+
=
n
1 i
i
f
pv f
I 1
K
K
Where:
K
f pv
= Present value of the hydraulic losses []
n = Lifetime, (Number of year ) [-]
I = Interest rate [-]
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Cost for the Pipe Material
2
1 m m m
r C L
r p
r 2 L t r 2 V m =
o
t = t = =
Where:
m = Mass of the pipe [kg]
m
= Density of the material [kg/m
3
]
V = Volume of material [m
3
]
r = Radius of pipe [m]
L = Length of pipe [m]
p = Pressure in the pipe [MPa]
o = Maximum stress [MPa]
C
1
= Calculation coefficient
K
t
= Installation costs []
M = Cost for the material [/kg]
2
1 t
r C M m M K = =
NB:
This is a simplification
because no other
component then the pipe
is calculated
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Installation Costs:
Pipes
Maintenance
Interests
Etc.
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
2
1 t
r C M K =
Where:
K
f
= Cost for the hydraulic losses []
K
t
= Installation costs []
T = Energy production time [h/year]
kWh
price
= Energy price [/kWh]
r = Radius of the pipe [m]
C
1
= Calculation coefficient
C
2
= Calculation coefficient
M = Cost for the material [/kg]
n = Lifetime, (Number of year ) [-]
I = Interest rate [-]
( )
=
+
=
n
1 i
i
price
5
2
pv f
I 1
kWh T
r
C
K
( )
( )
0
I 1
kWh T C
r
5
r C M 2
dr
K K d
n
1 i
i
price 2
6
f t
=
+
=
+
=
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
( )
( )
( )
7
n
1 i
i
price 2
n
1 i
i
price 2
6
f t
I 1 C M
kWh T C
2
5
r
0
I 1
kWh T C
r
5
r C M 2
dr
K K d
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
+
Calculation of the forces acting on
the anchors
Calculation of the forces acting on
the anchors
F
5
F
4
F
3
F
1
F
2
F
F
1
= Force due to the water pressure [N]
F
2
= Force due to the water pressure [N]
F
3
= Friction force due to the pillars upstream the anchor [N]
F
4
= Friction force due to the expansion joint upstream the anchor [N]
F
5
= Friction force due to the expansion joint downstream the anchor [N]
Calculation of the forces acting on
the anchors
G
F
R
Valves
Principle drawings of valves
Open position
Closed position
Spherical valve Gate valve
Hollow-jet valve Butterfly valve
Spherical valve
Bypass system
Butterfly valve
Butterfly
valve
Butterfly valve
disk types
Hollow-jet Valve
Pelton turbines
Large heads (from
100 meter to 1800
meter)
Relatively small flow
rate
Maximum of 6
nozzles
Good efficiency over
a vide range
Kvrner
Jostedal, Norway
Francis turbines
Heads between 15
and 700 meter
Medium Flow Rates
Good efficiency
q=0.96 for modern
machines
SVARTISEN
Kaplan turbines
Low head (from 70
meter and down to 5
meter)
Large flow rates
The runner vanes can
be governed
Good efficiency over
a vide range