Chapter 3

Elasticity and Strength of Materials

References
1-Physics in biology and Medicine 3
rd
e, Paul Davidovits
2- web sites
3- College Physics, 7
th
e, Serway
October 17, 2014 1
Classification of matter
Matter is normally classified as being in one of
three states:
A solid has a definite volume and shape.
A liquid has a definite volume but no definite
shape.
A gas it has neither definite volume nor definite
shape. Because gas can flow, however, it shares
many properties with liquids.
Often this classification system is extended to
include a fourth state of matter, called a plasma.

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Structure of matter
All matter consists of some distribution of atoms or molecules.
In a solid: The atoms, held together by forces that are mainly
electrical, are located at specific positions with respect to one
another and vibrate about those positions.
At low temperatures
The vibrating motion is slight and the atoms can be considered
essentially fixed.
As energy is added to the material,
The amplitude of the vibrations increases.

A vibrating atom can be viewed as being bound
in its equilibrium position by springs attached to
neighboring atoms. A collection of such atoms
and imaginary springs is shown in Fig.1.

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Structure of matter
We can picture applied external forces as
compressing these tiny internal springs.
When the external forces are removed, the solid
tends to return to its original shape and size.
Consequently, a solid is said to have elasticity.
An understanding of the fundamental properties
of these different states of matter is important in
all the sciences, in engineering, and in medicine.
Forces put stresses on solids, and stresses can
strain, deform, and break those solids, whether
they are steel beams or bones.

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Solid Classification
Solids can be classified as either:

crystalline: NaCl,

or amorphous: Glass
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Stress- Strain
Examine the effect of forces on a body
1-stretched,
compressed,
bent,
Twisted
Elasticity is the property of a body that tends
to return the body to its original shape after
the force is removed.
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Longitudinal Stretch and
Compression
Stress, S

Longitudinal Strain, S
t


Hook`s Law

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October 17, 2014 8
A Spring
energy E stored in the spring is given by

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Fatigue
Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural
damage that occurs when a material is subjected to
cyclic loading.
Fatigue life, N
f
, is the number of stress cycles of a
specified character that a specimen sustains before
failure of a specified nature occurs.
Surface fatigue: Surface fatigue is a process by which
the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading.
Fatigue wear is produced when the wear particles are
detached by cyclic crack growth of microcracks on the
surface. These microcracks are either superficial cracks
or subsurface cracks.


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Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations
Knowledge of the maximum energy that parts
of the body can safely absorb allows us to
estimate the possibility of injury under various
circumstances.
Assume that the bone remains elastic until
fracture, the corresponding force is
October 17, 2014 11
Example
A leg bone 90 cm and an average
area of about 6 cm
2
Y=1410
10
dyn/cm
2


This is the amount of energy in the impact of a
70-kg person jumping from a height of 56 cm
(1.8 ft), given by the product mgh.

E= 70x10xH=384 J

H=384/700=0.56 m= 0.56 cm



October 17, 2014
12
Impulsive Forces
In a sudden collision, a large force is exerted for
a short period of time on the colliding object.


For example, if the duration of
a collision is 610
3
sec and the
change in momentum is 2 kg m/sec, the
average force that acted during the collision is


October 17, 2014 13
Fracture Due to a fall: Impulsive
Force Considerations
The magnitude of the force that causes the damage
is computed

the duration of the collision Dt is difficult to
determine precisely
If the colliding objects are hard, very short~ few
milliseconds
If the objects is soft and yields during the collision,
the duration of the collision is lengthened, and as a
result the impulsive force is reduced.
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Example
When a person falls from a height h, his/her
velocity on impact with the ground, neglecting
air friction

W=mg
After the impact the body is at rest : mv
f
= 0

Measuring time is a problem
Vertical fall Dt=10
-2
sec
bends his/her knees or falls on a soft surface







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Table 3.1, the force per unit area that may
cause a bone fracture is 10
9
dyn/cm
2
person falls flat on his/her heels, the area of
impact may be about 2 cm
2
.



Body of mass of 70 kg, Dt = 10
2
sec

October 17, 2014 16

Airbags: Inflating Collision
Protection Devices

The impact force may also be calculated from
the distance the center of mass of the body
travels during the collision under the action of
the impulsive force.
October 17, 2014 17
30 cm
Decelerating force, F
v
For A =1000 cm
2
At an impact velocity of 70 km/h
F= 4.45106 dyn
Stress= 4.4510
3
dyn/cm
2
< The estimated
strength of body tissue.
At a 105-km
F= 10
10
dyn
Stress= 10
7
dyn/cm
2
. probably injure the
passenger
October 17, 2014 18
Whiplash Injury
the impact is sudden, as in a rear-end collision,
the body is accelerated in the
forward direction by the back
of the seat,
the unsupported neck is then suddenly yanked
back at full speed.

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Falling from Great Height
Falling on a hard surface
Cause injury Energy=mgh=1/2 mv
2
Falling on a soft surface
Example:
decelerating impact force acts over a distance
of about 1 m, the average value of this force
remains below the magnitude for serious
injury even at the terminal falling velocity of
62.5 m/sec (140 mph).




October 17, 2014 20
Nonomaterial
Nanotechnology
is the production of functional materials and
structures in the range of 0.1 to 100 nanometers

one hydrogen atom is 0.1 to 0.2 nm and of a
small bacterium about 1,000 nm
Nanotechnologies are predicted to revolutionize:
(a) the control over materials properties at ultrafine
scales; and
(b) the sensitivity of tools and devices applied in
various scientific and technological fields.


October 17, 2014 21
physical or chemical methods
Nanomaterials
October 17, 2014 22
It studies materials with morphological
features on the nanoscale, and especially
those that have special properties stemming
from their nanoscale dimensions.
A bulk material should have constant physical
properties regardless of its size,
At the nanoscale this is often not the case. Size-
dependent properties are observed such as quantum
confinement in semiconductor particles, and
superparamagnetism in magnetic materials, etc..

Example
For example,
the bending of bulk copper (wire, ribbon, etc.)
occurs with movement of copper atoms/clusters
at about the 50 nm scale.

Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are
considered super hard materials that do not
exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk
copper.
October 17, 2014 23

Some recent publication in
dentistry material science

October 17, 2014 24
Figure 1. Schematics and
transmission electron
microscopic images of
composites studied. A.
Composite with nanometric
particles ( 60,000
magnification). B. Composite
with nanocluster particles
(300,000 magnification). C.
Composite with hybrid fillers
(300,000 magnification).
nm: Nanometers. APS:
Average particle size. m:
micrometer

October 17, 2014 25
Assignment
Solve the following problems

1, 3, 5
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