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Osmania University

Linguistics Guest Lecture


Series 1


Centre for Advanced Studies in
Linguistics, O.U.
4
th
September, 2014
Linguitecture in English
Word-formation:
A Ka:rmik Linguistic Motivation
By
Chilukuri Bhuvaneswar
Pioneer of
Ka:rmik Linguistic Theory
Ka:rmik Literary Theory
Ka:rmik Language Teaching Approach



Aims and Objectives 1

Aim:
To Provide a Linguistic Motivation for
Word-formation in English
in the
Ka:rmik Linguistic Paradigm


Aims and Objectives 2
Objectives
1. To Discover Empirical Evidence for
The Principles of Exploration of Variables
(PEV)

ECV PEV CNV CNV(D)
ECV Exploration of Contextual Variables
PEV Productive Extension of Variables
CNV Creation of New Variables
CNV(D) Deletion of Variables
Aims and Objectives 3
2. To reveal the
Computational Design in the Linguitecture
of
English Word-formation
as a
Ka:rmikopoeitic Sub-System


Hypothesis
The linguitecture of English Word-formation is
neither GENETICALLY INHERITED nor
FUNCTIONALLY ACQUIRED nor CONCEPTUALIZED
but
DISPOSITIONALLY CREATED
and established by
Individual-Collective-Contextual-Conjunction-and-
Standardization of Lingual Action
(ICCCS(L)A))


Literature Review: Research Gap
1. In the Linguistic Analysis of English Word-
formation Processes, the focus is only on the
individual word-formation processes and
their description and motivation and
Morpheme/Word-Based Morphology.
2. The Linguitecture of English Word-formation
Processes is not motivated as a WHOLE
in an I-I-I Network of English language
as a system

The Linguitecture of English WFPs:
Use of Language
Basic Constituents of a Word

STEM
(ROOT in Morphology)
Three Basic
Constituents BASE
in a Word (BASE MORPHEME)

WORD
STEM OF A WORD
A STEM is
the form of a word stripped of all affixes that is
recognizable as such in English: eg: man,
person, apply, abattoir, rhinoceros
(Quirk, et al 1986: 1519).
BASE OF A WORD
A base is a unit with which an affix is combined but it can be distinct
or identical with the stem as follows:

(1) Word: jealous = base jeal- + affix -ous
[the base here is identical with the stem, but neither is a word in
English]

(2) a. Word: polarize = base polar + affix ze;
b. Word: depolarize = affix de- + base polarize
[the base here is not identical with the stem in either case, the stem
being pole; but both the base and the stem are English words]

(3) (be)spectacled [wearing spectacles] = base spectacle + affix -ed
[here the base is identical with the stem, but although the word
spectacle exists in English it is only the stem of the plural spectacles
that constitutes the base in spectacled ]
(see Quirk et al 1986: 1518-19)

Principle of Analogy
In addition to these three basic constituents, we can include

the principle of analogy

as a cognitive constituent
in the formation of words by derivation.
(4) x-otherapy
[treatment by means of x on the analogy (both formal
and semantic) of a pattern of words such as psych-o-
therapy; physi-o-therapy]: a pattern or paradigm of
similar items becomes established, and new coinings are
made conforming to this pattern by derivation.

STEM (ROOT), BASE (BASE MORPHEME)
AND WORD: RELATION
The relationship between stem (root), base (base
morpheme) and word can be captured by the following
equation:

(4) Stem/Word Base Word
Affixation/Analogy
[ apparently transforms into ; gradually
evolves into ; through the process of ]

This is with reference to words formed from stems as
bases (roots in morphology) and bases (base
morphemes according to Quirk et al 1986: 1520).
The Linguitecture of English WFPs:
Use of Language
The Linguitecture of English WFPs:
Creation of Language
ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION
PROCESSES
Affixation
Conversion,
Back-formation, Backwords
English Reduplication, Compounding, Blending
WFPS Clipping, Dimunitives
Acronym, Initialism
Borrowing, Calque


Affixation
Affixation is the formation of words by adding
derivational affixes to different types of bases.
An affix is not-root or a bound morpheme
that modifies the meaning and / or syntactic
category of the stem in some way.

Degrees of Derivation
1. Zero - degree of derivation is ascribed to simple
words, i.e. words whose stem is homonymous with a
word-form and often with a root-morpheme, e.g.
atom, haste, devote, anxious, horror, etc.
2. First - derived words whose bases are built on simple
stems and thus are formed by the application of one
derivational affix, e.g. atomic, hasty, devotion, etc.
3. Second - derived words formed by two consecutive
stages of coining, e.g. atomical, hastily, devotional,
etc.

Categories of Affixes 1
Categories of Affixes 2
Types of Suffixes
2. According to the part of speech formed suffixes fall
into several groups:
a) noun-forming suffixes: -age (breakage, bondage); -ance/-ence
(assistance, reference); -dom (freedom, kingdom); -er (teacher,
baker); -ess (actress, hostess); -ing (building, wasing);
b) adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble (favourable,
incredible, soluble); -al (formal, official); -ic (dynamic); -ant/-ent
(repentant, dependent);
c) numeral-forming suffixes: -fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th
(sixth); -ty (thirty);
d) verb-forming suffixes: -ate (activate); -er (glimmer); -fy/-ify
(terrify, specify); -ize (minimize); -ish (establish);
e) adverb-forming suffixes: -ly (quickly, coldly); -ward/-wards
(backward, northwards); -wise (likewise).

Semantic Categorization of Suffixes
3. Semantically suffixes fall into:
a) Monosemantic:the suffix -ess has only one
meaning female tigress, tailoress;
a) Polysemantic: the suffix -hood has two
meanings:
1) condition or quality falsehood,
womanhood;
2) collection or group brotherhood.

Suffixation according to Denotational
Meaning
4. According to their generalizing denotational
meaning suffixes may fall into several groups. E.g.,
noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:

a) the agent of the action: -er (baker); -ant (accountant);
b) appurtenance: -an/-ian (Victorian, Russian); -ese
(Chinese);
c) collectivity: -dom (officialdom); -ry (pleasantry);
d) Diminutiveness:-ie (birdie); -let (cloudlet); -ling (wolfling).

Compounding
Noun-noun compound: note + book notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry blueberry
Verb-noun compound: work + room workroom
Noun-verb compound: breast + feed breastfeed
Verb-verb compound: stir + fry stir -fry
Adjective-verb compound: high + light highlight
Verb- preposition compound: break + up breakup
preposition-verb compound: out + run outrun
Adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet
bittersweet
preposition- preposition compound: in + to into

Conversion
"Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item
changes its word-class without the addition of an affix"
(Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, 1987: 441). Thus, when
the noun 'sign' (1) shifts to the verb 'sign(ed)' (2) without
any change in the word form we can say this is a case of
conversion
1
. However, it does not mean that this process
takes place in all the cases of homophones (Marchand,
1972: 225). Sometimes, the connection has to do with
coincidences or old etymological ties that have been lost..
For example, 'mind' (3 and 4) and 'matter' (5 and 6) are
cases of this grammatical sameness without connection by
conversionthe verbs have nothing to do today with their
respective noun forms in terms of semantics (ibid.: 243).
Types of Conversion
3.1 Conversion from verb to noun

the nouns 'experience
'fear
'feel or
'hope

Conversion 2
2. Conversion from noun to verb
They can express the action of putting in or on the noun:
such as in
pocket(ed) (to put into the pocket), 'film(ing)' (to put
into a film) and
'practice' (32).
These verbs can also have the meaning of "to provide
with (the noun)" or "to give (the noun)", like 'name'
(33) (to give a name to somebody), 'shape' (34) (to give
shape to something) or 'fuel(s)' (35).
Conversion 3
3 Conversion from adjective to verb
Adjectives can also go through the process of
conversion, especially to verbs.
De-adjectival verbs get the meaning of "to make
(adjective)".
It can be easily seen by means of examples like
'black(ed)' (45) (to make black), 'open' (46), 'slow(ing)'
(47)...
In some cases, when these transitive verbs are used
intransitively, a secondary conversion may happen
(Quirk, 1997: 1561-1562), as it will be explained later
on.

Conversion 4
4 Conversion from a closed category to any other category

Closed-class categories can also undergo conversion. Although their frequency is
much less common, the process is not ungrammatical. All morphologic categories
have examples of this kind (Cannon, 1985:425-426).

Prepositions are probably the most productive ones. They can easily become
adverbs, nouns and verbs. This is the case of 'up' (48 and 49) and 'out' (37 and 50).

Conversion to noun may as well occur in adverbs like in 'outside' (51) and 'inside'
(51); conjunctions, as regarded in 'ifs' (52) and 'buts' (52);

interjections and non-lexical items, like 'ho ho ho's' (53) and 'ha ha ha' (54); affixes
such as 'mini-' (55) can appear as noun (56) and proper noun (55)....

Conversion to verb is frequent in onomatopoeic expressions like 'buzz' (57), 'beep'
(57) or 'woo(ing)' (58). Finally, phrase compounds can appear as adjectives, such as
in 'borrow-the-mower' (59), 'down-to-earth' (60) or 'now-it-can-be-told' (61).


COMPOUNDING
Noun-noun compound: note + book notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry blueberry
Verb-noun compound: work + room workroom
Noun-verb compound: breast + feed breastfeed
Verb-verb compound: stir + fry stir -fry
Adjective-verb compound: high + light highlight
Verb- preposition compound: break + up breakup
preposition-verb compound: out + run outrun
Adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet bittersweet
preposition- preposition compound: in + to into

Partial Conversion
1 Conversion from noun to adjective
'Mahogany music box' can be used in an
attributive way, "the music box is mahogany".
This implies 'mahogany' is a denominal
adjective.
Partial Conversion 2
2 Conversion from adjective to noun
Adjectives can also shift into nouns, though it
is not very frequent. It mainly happens in well-
established patterns of adjective plus noun
phrase. Nominalisation occurs when the noun
is elided and the adjective is widely used as a
synonym of an existing set pattern.
This could be the case of 'a Chinese favorite'

Reduplication
Reduplication is a linguistic form which contains
systematic non-recursive repetition of phonological
material for morphological or lexical purposes.

1.1 Form1.1.1 Full and partial reduplication
1.1.2 Reduplicant position
1.1.3 Copying direction
1.1.4 Reduplication and other morphological processes
1.1.5 Phonological processes, environment, and
reduplicant-base relations

Reduplication in English
English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below).

Rhyming reduplication: hokey-pokey, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, boogie-woogie, teenie-
weenie, walkie-talkie, hoity-toity, wingding, ragtag. Although at first glance


Exact reduplications (baby-talk-like): bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo-
poo. Couscous is not an English example for reduplication, since it is taken from a French
word which has a Maghrebi origin.

Ablaut reduplications: bric-a-brac, chit-chat, criss-cross, ding-dong, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat,
knick-knack, pitter-patter, splish-splash, zig-zag, flimflam. In the ablaut reduplications, the
first vowel is almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated ablaut variant of the vowel is
a low vowel.

Shm-reduplication can be used with most any word; e.g. baby-shmaby, cancer-
schmancer and fancy-schmancy.

Reduplication 2

Comparative reduplication:

In the sentence "John's apple looked redder and redder," the reduplication of
the comparative indicates that the comparative is becoming more true over time,
meaning roughly "John's apple looked progressively redder as time went on." In
particular, this construction does not mean that John's apple is redder than some
other apple, which would be a possible interpretation in the absence of
reduplication, e.g. in "John's apple looked redder."

Contrastive focus reduplication:
Exact reduplication can be used with contrastive focus (generally where the first
noun is stressed) to indicate a literal, as opposed to figurative, example of a noun,
or perhaps a sort of Platonic ideal of the noun, as in
"Is that carrot cheesecake or carrot CAKE-cake?".
[3]
This is similar to the Finnish
use mentioned below.

Reduplicant Position 3
Reduplicant position
Reduplication may be initial (i.e. prefixal), final (i.e. suffixal),
or internal (i.e. infixal), e.g.
Initial reduplication in Agta (CV- prefix):
[uab+'afternoon'*uuab]'late afternoon'(u-uab) [aaj]'a long
time'*aaaj]'a long time (in years)'(a-aaj)(Healey 1960)
Final reduplication in Dakota (-CCV suffix):
[hska+'tall (singular)'*hskaska]'tall (plural)'(hska-ska) [wate]'good
(singular)'*watete]'good (plural)'(wate-te)(Shaw 1980, Marantz 1982,
Albright 2002)
Internal reduplication in Samoan (-CV- infix):
savali'he/she walks' (singular)savavali'they walk' (plural)(sa-va-
vali) alofa'he/she loves' (singular)alolofa'they love' (plural)(a-lo-
lofa)(Moravcsik 1978, Broselow and McCarthy 1984) le tamaloa'the man'
(singular)
[1]
tamaloloa'men' (plural)(tama-lo-loa)Internal reduplication is
much less common than the initial and final types.

SHORTENING (Dimunitives)
1. shortening is the formation of a word by cutting off
a part of the word.
a) initial (or aphesis):fend (v) < defend, phone <
telephone;
b) medial (orsyncope): specs < spectacles, fancy <
fantasy;
c) final (or apocope): lab laboratory, exam
examination;
d) both initial and final: flu < influenza, fridge <
refrigerator;.

Motivation in Generative Grammar 1
1. Genetic Inheritance
Only the Hardware but not the Software

* the Vocal Organ
* Analyticity
* Disposition at Birth
Not
* RULES OF LANGUAGE
Motivation in Generative Grammar 2
2. AUTONOMY and LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY

* Rules are Products of General Cognitive
Abilities
* They are A POSTERIORI
Not
A PRIORI
Motivation in Generative Grammar 3
3. Internal Linguistic Evidence

* QLB in Telugu
* Backwords in English
* Reduplication
* Blends
Motivation in Functional Linguistics 1
1. Language is as it is because of what it does

2. Language is as it is NOT because of what it
does
BUT
because of what it is INTENDED to do what it
does




Motivation in Functional Linguistics 2
1. Alternative Ways of Saying the Same Thing



2. Synonymy

Send Again Vs Resend
Motivation in Cognitive Linguistics 1
1. CHOICE in Cognition

2. Cognition is ONLY Instrumental

3. Cognition is NOT Agential

Universal Sciences of Action-Living-
Lingual Action

US Action

US Living

US Lingual Action
Networks within Networks
Network 1
Sub-Network i..n


Network 3 Network 2

Sub-Network i..n Sub-Network i..n



PEV
The Principles of Exploration of Variables
(PEV)

ECV PEV CNV CNV(D)
ECV Exploration of Contextual Variables
PEV Productive Extension of Variables
CNV Creation of New Variables
CNV(D) Deletion of Variables

English WFP Principles
HOLORCHY OF KA:RMIK REALITY
WFP COGNEME COGNITION NETWORK
Network 3. Experiential Meaning Chakram:
a. Outer Chakram; b. Titled Inner Chakram




ICCCSA Network


Ka:rmikopoeisis 1: Disposition
Ka:rmikopoeisis 2: Equations of Action

(1) Disposition Desire Effort
Action Result Experience
(2) Disposition Dispositional Bias
Response Bias Choice Variation
Action Result Experience
Conduct of Action

Intuitive Understanding of a Phenomenon

Troubleshooting

Problem Solving Strategies/
Innovative Action Go to EV

Solution


HOLORCHY OF KA:RMIK REALITY



CONCLUSION
1. We have provided a linguistic motivation of
WFPs in English in the Formal, Functional,
Cognitive, and Ka:rmik Linguistic Models.

2. The Analysis shows evidence for Exploration
of Variables, Networks-within-Networks.
3. WFP are created in an Ka:rmikopoeitic
Structure.





THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR
KIND ATTENTION!

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