3 - OMO133030 BSC6900 GSM V9R13 Handover Algorithm I ISSUE 1.02

GSM Handover
Algorithm
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
Handover is a key technology of mobile communication system and

make continued conversation possible.
Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful.
Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the types of handover
Master handover judgment flow
Understand algorithm of different handovers
Explain HO data configuration
Page2
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. HO Algorithm Process
Page3
Contents
Page4
Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate
Page5
Classification by Reason
Emergency HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Classification
by
Reason 3
4
No DL MR Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) HO
Interference HO
Bad Quality (BQ) HO
Load HO
Normal HO
EDGE HO
PBGT HO
Layer HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Concentric Cell HO
AMR HO
Page6
Classification by Synchronization
NSS Network
MSC
BSC
MSC
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
CELL
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
BTS
BTS
Case 4
BTS
Case 5
Synchronous Handover: the target BTS shall not send PHY INFO message
Asynchronous Handover: the target BTS shall send PHY INFO message
Page7
Classification by Equipment and

Channel
Intra Cell HO
Inter Cell HO
TCH TCH
Intra BSC HO
SDCCH SDCCH
Intra MSC HO
Inter MSC HO
SDCCH TCH
(Direct Retry)
Page8
Contents
Page9
Contents
2.1 General HO Process
2.2 Measure and Measurement Result Report
2.3 Measurement Report Preprocessing
2.4 Handover Judgment

2.5 Handover Implementation
Page10
General HO Process
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report
Measurement Report Preprocessing
Handover Judgment
Handover Implementation
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
Page11
Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink

receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving
levels from the neighbor cells.
The downlink MR
The downlink measurement report

of the neighbor cell (BCCH)
The uplink MR
Serving cell
Neighbor cell
Page12
Measurement Report
Page13
Period of Measurement Report
The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
4 TCH Multiframes
480ms
12TCH
1SACCH
12TCH
1 Idle
Page14
General HO Process
Handover Judgment
Page15
MR Preprocessing
Interpolation
Recover the lost
measurement report
Filtering
Smooth the instantaneous

fading point
MR Preprocessing
Page16
MR Interpolation
MR
MR
MR
No. n+4
MR
MR
No. n
Missing by
some reasons
Page17
MR Filtering
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
Filter----Average several
consecutive MRs
Page18
Data Configuration of MR
Preprocessing
Page19
Data Configuration of MR
Preprocessing
Page20
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1
Measure and Measurement

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
No DL MR HO
MS Fast Moving HO
TA HO
Layer HO
Handover Judgment
4 Handover Implementation
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page21
Penalty Processing
Punish on
the target
cell
AMR HO
Fails
Intra-cell
HO
Emergency
(TA&BQ)HO
HO Fails
Punish on the
original cell
Penalty
MS Fast
Moving
HO
Concentric
Cell HO
Punish on other
high priority layer
cells
Page22
Penalty for Handover Failure
Punish the target cell when a HO fails.
This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
BSC punishes Cell D by

signal level value
-80dBm
Cell A
Within penalty time-75dBm-30dB=-105dBm
HO fails
-75dBm
Cell D
Page23
Data Configuration of Penalty for

Handover Failure
Page24
Penalty for Emergency Handover
Punish the original cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and

TA) occurs.
Cell A
-80dBm
MS successfully handovers from cell A to

cell D for BQ or TA, so original cell A
should be punished
Within penalty time -80dBm-63dB-143dBm
BQ or TA HO
-75dBm
Cell D
Page25

Emergency Handover
Page26
Penalty for MS Fast-moving Handover
Giving penalty on the other three layers(Non-umbrella Layer ) after MS

handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO.
This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Page27
Data Configuration of Penalty for MS

Fast-moving Handover
Page28
Penalty for Concentric Cell
A new concentric cell HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a

concentric cell HO failure.
Do not
attempt again
after N failed
HO(U->O)!
Overlaid
Underlaid
Do not attempt
again during
penalty time
after one failed
HO(O<->U)!
Page29

Concentric Cell
Page30
Penalty for Enhanced Concentric Cell
A new UO HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a

OU HO is performed successfully.
Overlaid
Underlaid
Do not
attempt back
too fast!
Page31

Enhanced Concentric Cell
Page32
Penalty for Intra-cell HO

A new intra-cell HO is prohibited if it occurs too frequently.
Max. consecutive HO times: 3

Forbidden time after Max. times: 20s
Intra-cell
HO Time
Interval for consecutive HO Jud: 6s

4th.
3rd.
2nd.
1st.
T
R
X
1
T
R
X
2
T
R
X
3
T
R
X
4
T
R
X
5
Penalty time
3s
4s
5s
Duration (s)
20s
Page33

Intra-cell HO
Page34
Data Configuration of Penalty for AMR

FRHR Handover Failure
Page35
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry

Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO
3
Handover Judgment
MS Fast Moving HO
Layer HO
TA HO
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page36
Ranking Processing
Basic ranking
M rule
K rule
Network feature adjustment
16 bits ranking
The ranking result: target cell selection of handover
Page37
M Rule
Begin
Yes
Finish to all
neighbor cells?
End
No
No
Yes
the cell overload ?
No
RX_LEV_DL(n) < [Min DL Power
on HO Candidate Cell](n)+
[Min Access Level Offset](s->n)?
Yes
Delete this cell from

the cell list
No
RX_LEV_UL(n) < [Min UP Power on
HO Candidate Cell](n)+
[Min Access Level Offset](s->n)?
No
Yes
For service cell:

Min Access Level Offset=0
M rule will remove the

unsuitable
cells from the candidate cell list
according to the flow.
Page38
Data Configuration of M Rule
Page39
Data Configuration of M Rule
Page40
Network Feature Adjustment
After network feature adjustment, all the candidate cells have their
own 16 bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the handover priority and
position of the cell are in the candidate cell list, then it is possible to
be the candidate cell.
Page41
The 1st~3rd bits
The bit value indicates the priority of downlink receiving level

according to the cell signal level and the penalty process taking place
beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000, for the cell with second
strongest signal level is 001 and so on.
Actually that is the core of K rule.
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Page42
Question(The 1st~3rd Bits)

Cell A
-90dBm
Cell F
Cell B
-70dBm
-80dBm
RX_LEV
Cell
-70dBm
-75dBm
-80dBm
-83dBm
-85dBm
-90dBm
-95dBm
-85dBm
Cell C
-95dBm
Cell E
Cell S
-83dBm
-75dBm
Cell D
Candidate cell list
high>low
Page43
The 4th bit: [Inter-cell HO hysteresis] bit.
Yes
No
serving cell?
RX_LEV_DL (n) >=

RX_LEV_DL (s) +
[Inter-cell HO hysteresis] (s->n) ?
Always set to 0
Yes
Set to 0
No
Set to1
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Page44
Data Configuration of Inter-cell HO Hysteresis
Page45
Question(The 4th Bit)

Cell A
Current HO hys.
-90dBm
Cell F
Cell B
-70dBm
-80dBm
-85dBm
Cell C
-95dBm
Cell E
Cell S
RX_LEV
Cell
-70dBm
-75dBm
-80dBm
-83dBm
-85dBm
-90dBm
-95dBm
-83dBm
-75dBm
Cell D
Candidate cell list
Suppose: [Inter-cell HO hysteresis] (s->n)=4
high>low
Page46
The 5th~10th bits
The bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei hierarchical
network structure.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further
divided into 16 different priorities (levels).
So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.

Player (0~3)
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Plevel (0~15)
8
Player_level (0~63)
Page47
Hierarchical Cell Structure

Layer 4
low
GSM 900
Umbrella Cell
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM900 Cell
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800 Cell
Micro Cell
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
Page48
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
high
Data Configuration of Cell Hierarchical

Network Structure
Page49
Question(The 5th~10th Bits)

10
Cell
F
Cell A
Cell F
L2 P1
L2 P1
D
Cell B
B
L3 P1
L3 P1
L3 P4
Cell E
Cell S
L1 P3
L2 P5
Cell C
A
E
Cell D
Candidate cell list
high>low
Page50
The 11th bit: The bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
This bit is affected by 14th bit.

Yes
System load>=[System Flux Threshold for Load HO](s)

or [Load HO Allowed](s) =No ?
11th bit is
turned off
No
Yes
No
No
serving cell?
Cell load >= [Load

HO Threshold](s)?
Yes
set to 0
16
15
Yes
set to 1
14
13
12
No
cell load >=[ Load Req.

on Candidate Cell](n)?
set to 1
11
10
set to 0
Page51
Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
Page52
Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
Page54

Supposesystem flow<[System Flux Threshold for Load HO](s) and
[Load HO Allowed](s) is Yes
11
10
Cell
Cell A
F
Cell F
Cell B
D
B
Cell S
S
Cell E
Cell C
A
Cell D
E
Normal cell with few traffic

cell load(n) < [Load Req. on Candidate Cell](n)
Candidate cell list

high>low
Abmornal cell with heavy traffic

non-serving cell: load(n) > [Load Req. on Candidate Cell](n)
serving cell: load(s) >= [Load HO Threshold](s)?
Page55
12th bit and 13th bit: Whether share the same BSC or MSC.
Yes
No
serving cell?
Yes
Both 12th and 13th set to 0

Yes
Co-BSC?
Yes
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Co-MSC?
Turn off
12th &13th bit
No
12th set to 1
13th set to 0
12th set to 0
13th set to 0
No
Is [Co-BSC/MSC Adj]
(s)yes?
No
12th set to 1
13th set to 1
Page56
Data Configuration of Co-BSC&MSC
Page57
Question(The 12th,13th Bit)

Cell A
13
Cell F
12
11
10
Cell
Cell B
F
D
Cell S
Cell C
Cell E
MSC
Cell D
A
E
BSC1
BSC2
Candidate cell list

high>low
Page58

The 14th bit: [Inter-layer HO Threshold/Hysteresis] adjustment bit.
Yes
RX_LEV_DL (n) >= [Inter-layer HO

Threshold](n) + [Adjacent Cell Inter-layer HO
Hysteresis](s->n)?
RX_LEV_DL (s) >= [Inter-layer HO

Threshold](s) [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s)?
Yes
No
serving cell?
Yes
No
No
set to 0
set to 0
14th
Bit
set to 1, and bit
th
th
5 ~13 are turned off
The 15th/16th bits are reserved

16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Page59
Data Configuration of Layer HO

Threshold Adjustment
Page60

Threshold Adjustment
Page61

Cell A
-90dBm
Cell B
Cell F
14
13
12
11
10
Cell S
Cell E
Cell
-85dBm
-73dBm
-80dBm
-70dBm
-83dBm
Cell C
-75dBm
Cell D
A
E
Given condition:
[Inter-layer HO Threshold](s&n) 25
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s&n) 3dB
Candidate cell list

high>low
Then we can get:

Serving cells threshold-88dBm
Neighbor cells threshold-82dBm
Page62
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry

Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO
3
Handover Judgment
TA HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page63
No DL MR HO
When the quality of Um interface become worse and worse, it is

for the worse uplink quality that MS can not deliver downlink MR,
while the downlink quality is not bad enough for MS to receive the
downlink message normally.
Bad
uplink
quality
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
Page64
Position of No DL MR HO
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
MR. Preprocessing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Handover Judgment
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MS Fast Moving HO
No DL MR HO
3
TA HO
Interference HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page65
No DL MR HO
UL_Qua. (after filtering)
>=[No Dl Mr.Ul Qual
HO Limit](s)?
No
Begin
Yes
No
[No Dl Mr. HO
Allowed](s) Yes ?
Yes
Only one
cadidate cell?
Yes
No
No
<=[Cons.No Dl Mr.
Ho Allowed Limit](s)?
No Dl Mr. in
current Mr.?
Within Penalty Time

No
Yes
End
[Intracell HO Allowed](s)?
Select the candidate cell

with the highest priority,
exluding serving cell
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
serving cell?
Report 1 DL MR at least?
No
Trigger
No DL Mr. HO
signal quality filter length:
For TCH:[Filter Length for TCH Qual]
For SDCCH:[Filter Length for SDCCH Qual]
Page66
Data Configuration of No DL MR HO
Page67
TA(Time Advance) HO
Handover
Triggering
TA(s)
TA(n)
Handover Triggering Zone
[TA Threshold](n)
[TA Threshold](s)
or
Time
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
Page69
TA(Time Advance) HO
Begin
End
No
[TA HO Allowed]
Yes ?
Yes
No
The actual TA >=

[TA Threshold](s)?
Select the cell with the

highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
serving cell?
No
Yes
No
Any neighbour cell

exist?
Yes
Yes
[TA Threshold]
(n,in the same BTS)
<= [TA Threshold](s)
No
No
Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
TA handover
Page70
Yes
Data Configuration of TA HO
Page71
Question(TA HO)
Cell A
TA=3
Cell F
Cell B
TA=5
TA=0
Which cell is the target cell?
TA=1
TA=2
Cell E
Cell S
TA=3
TA=4
Cell C
Cell D
Candidate cell listhigh>low
Page72
S E D B C A
Interference Handover
RX_Lev
Handover Triggering
Zone
Lev_Thr
Qual_Thr
Rx_Qual
Interference
Origin
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
Page73
Interference HO
Begin
No
Select the cell with the

highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
[Interference HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Yes
End
No
serving cell?
No
UL or DL receiving
Quality(s)>=A?
No
[Intracell HO Allowed](s)
yes
& cell not punished?
Rx_Level(n)>=
No
[Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) +
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s->n)?
Yes
No
None AMR FR:
A = RXQUALn, 1<=n<=12
AMR FR:
A = RXQUAL1, n=1;
A = RXQUALn + RXLEVoff,
Yes
Any suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
interference handover
2<=n<=12
Page74
Data Configuration of Interference HO

Par.
Name
Default
Par.
Value
Configured Value
RXQUAL1
Receiving Level (dBm)
Receiving Quality
<=30
(-, -80]
60
RXQUAL2
=31
=-79
50
RXQUAL3
32~35
[-78, -75]
49
RXQUAL4
36~38
[-74, -72]
48
RXQUAL5
39~41
[-71, -69]
47
RXQUAL6
42~45
[-68, -65]
46
RXQUAL7
46~48
[-64, -62]
45
RXQUAL8
49~52
[-61, -58]
44
RXQUAL9
53~55
[-57, -55]
43
RXQUAL10
56~58
[-54, -52]
42
RXQUAL11
59~62
[-51, -48]
41
RXQUAL12
>=63
[-47, + )
40
(-110dBm)
Page76
Page77
Page78
Question(Interference HO)
1Suppose: Current call is a normal FR call, data is configured be default

as before
[Interference HO Allowed]=Yes,
DL receiving level=-70dBm
DL receiving quality=5,
Question: Interference HO will be triggered or not?
2If the call is AMR FR call, all the other is still the same, what will
happen?
Page79
Question(Interference HO)
Cell A
-90dBm
Suppose: Cell Ss quality is 7
Cell F
Cell B
-70dBm
-80dBm
1) [Intracell HO Allowed](s) is Yes

which is the target cell?
Cell C
2) [Intracell HO Allowed](s) is No
which is the target cell?
-85dBm
-73dBm
Cell E
Cell S
-83dBm
-75dBm
Cell D
[Inter-layer HO Threshold](s/n) 25
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s/n) 3dB
Neighbor cell threshold-82dBm
Candidate cell listhigh>low
Page80
BQ(Bad Quality) HO
Begin
No
Any neighbour
excluding serving
cell exist?
Is [BQ HO Allowed] Yes ?

Yes
End
No
Yes
Mor than one neighbour? No

Yes
No
Select the cell with the/next

highest priority
UL_Rx_Q(s)>=[UL Qual.
Threshold](s) or DL_Rx_Q(s)
>=[DL Qual. Threshold](s)?
RX_LEV_DL (n) > RX_LEV_DL (s)

+ [Inter-cell HO hysteresis(s->n)]
-[BQ HO Margin(s->n)] ?
No
[Intracell HO Allowed](s)
yes
Yes
Yes
& cell not punished?
No
Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
BQ handover
Page81
No
Data Configuration of BQ HO
Page82
Page84
Page85
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry

Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO
3
Handover Judgment
TA HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page86
Two single band cells which are configured as bi-directional neighbor cell
relationship can be configured as enhanced dual band cell to each other.
Purpose
During the procedure of channel assignment and handover, the two single
band cells can share their resource.
Assign the channel with low load in UL to MS preferentially.
Make MS handover from the high load cell to the low load cell.
Page87
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in UL)

Begin
from UL
No
Yes
[UL Subcell Assignment

Optimization(u) ?
Cell load of UL >

[UL Subcell General
Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
No
Assign TCH in UL
or direct retry identification
or queuing
No
A
Yes
No
A:
Yes
Any idle TCH

Available in OL?
Yes
Assign TCH
in OL
RX_LEV_OL>= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)](o) and

RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Attention:
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
If [ATCBHoSwitch] is [Close], the second condition is turn off.
Page88
Data Configuration of Channel

Assignment
Page89

Assignment
Page90
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in OL)

Begin
from OL
No
[OL Subcell Assignment
Optimization) No ?
Yes
Assign TCH
in UL
Assign TCH in OL
or direct retry identification
or queuing
Yes
Cell load of UL<

[UL Subcell Lower
Load Threshold](u)?
Yes
No
Any idle TCH

Available in OL?
Assign TCH
in OL
No
No
Any idle TCH

Available in UL?
Yes
Assign TCH
in UL
Page91

Assignment
Page92
Classification of TCH HO in enhanced dual band HO
UL to OL
for high load in UL
and moving
OL to UL
for low load in UL
OL to UL for moving
Page93
Enhanced Dual Band HO(UO )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL
Page94
Enhanced Dual Band HO(UO )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL

Begin
No
[Load HO Allowed](u) Yes ?
End
Yes
Cell load of OL>=
[Inner Cell Serious Overload
Threshold(%)](o)?
Yes
No
Yes
Refresh cell load

per second
Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell

Serious Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
B-C
No
Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell

General Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
No
B
Adjust HO zone basing

on HO step and HO period
Yes
No
A & Satisfy P/N &

not within penalty time?
Yes
Any MS in HO zone?
No
Yes
Trigger
UL to OL
A:
RX_LEV_OL >= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] (o)and

RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) > [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Page95
Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual

Band HO(UO )
Page96

Band HO(UO )
Page98
Enhanced Dual Band HO(OU )
Triggering condition for TCH HO from OL to UL for moving

[Inner Cell Edge HO
Enable] (o)Yes ?
Begin
No
Yes
Yes
No
RX_LEV_OL < RX_LEV_UL
No
End
Yes
Satisfy P/N?
No
Yes
Select Neighbor cell
with the highest priority
Trigger
OL to UL
A:
RX_LEV_OL <[Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)](o) or

RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Page100

Band HO(OU )
Page101
Page102
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL
Page103
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL

Begin
[Load HO of OL Subcell
to UL Subcell ](o) Yes ?
No
End
Yes
Refresh cell load
per second
No
Cell load of UL <[UL Subcell

Lower Load Threshold(%)](u)?
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N?
Yes

Any MS in HO zone?
No
Yes
The object cell must be
the underlaid subcell
and satisfy condition A
Trigger OL to UL
HO zone: [Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)](o) ~ -47dBm

HO step: [Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO(dB)](o)
A: RX_LEV_UL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold(u) + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis(o->u)
Page104

Band HO(OU )
Page105
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO
Handover Judgment
TA HO

Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page107
Load HO
Handover triggering zone
Load of Serving Cell
Load of Neighboring Cell
[Load HO Threshold]
[Load Req. on Candidate Cell]
Time
Normal Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Page108
Load HO
As load HO may trigger several HOs, we need to consider

the CPU load (system flow level) before triggering it. In
addition, load HO is executed step by step, that is, the edge

HO thrsh. raises according to certain step and period and
will stop when out of the Load HO Zone.
Page109
Load HO
Normal Cell
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Page110
Load HO
Begin
No
End
No
Select the cell with the highest

priority in the cadidate cell list
[Load HO Allowed] (s)

Yes ?
Yes
Current system flux<=
[System Flux Threshold
for Load HO](s)?
No
Yes
Yes
No
C&D
No
Load HO timer
T overflow?
Yes
[Load HO Bandwidth](s)
Yes
No
Yes
Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
load handover
B: [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod](s)<DL_RX_Lev(s)

< [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod](s)+A
A=
A=
T
(
1) Step
Period
No
End
No
Yes
Yes
Load HO timer
T begin?
Yes
Star timer T
No
BSC internal cell?
No
Load of service cell >=

[Load HO Threshold](s)?
No
Yes
serving cell?
C: RX_LEV (n)>= [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) +

[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s->n)
D: load(n)< Load Req. on Candidate Cell(n)
Step: [Load HO Step Level](s)
Period: [Load HO Step Period](s)
Step A [Load HO Bandwidth] 0 T (
Page111
[Load HO Bandwidth]
1) Period
Step
Data Configuration of Load HO
Page112
General HO Process
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
1

Result Report
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry

Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
MR. Preprocessing
Emergency HO
MS Fast Moving HO
No DL MR HO
3
Handover Judgment
Layer HO
TA HO
PBGT HO
Interference HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode
Bad Quality HO
AMR HO
Page114
Edge Handover
Handover
Triggering
RX_Lev
RX_LEV Thr
Time
P/N
P: Valid Time
N : Watch Time
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
Page115
Edge HO
Begin
No
[Fringe HO Allowed](s)
Yes ?
Select cell(n) whose 16 bit priority is

higher than serving cell and
whose level satifys P/N rule(n)
basing on A
Yes
UL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO
UL RX_LEV Threshod](s)?
Yes Refresh
its timer
No
No
Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
Yes
Yes
No
DL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO
DL RX_LEV Threshod](s)?
No
End
Any neighbor cell?
Trigger
Edge handover
Yes Refresh
its timer
No
Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
Yes
A: DL_Rx_Lev(n)>
DL_Rx_Lev(s)+[Inter-cell HO Hysteresis](s->n)
Page116
Data Configuration of Edge HO
[Edge HO UL/DL RX-LEV

Threshold]<[UL/DL RX_LEV Lower
Threshold] in HWII/III power control tabel
Should be lower than the[Outgoing OL

Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)] in enhance
dual band data table
Page117
Page119
Page121
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Handover
Triggering
Time
Time
Threshold
P/N
P: Valid Cells
N: Watch Cells
Umbrella Cell
Micro Cell
Page122
Cells Number
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Begin
No
[MS Fast Moving HO

Allowed](s) Yes ?
Yes
Yes
the serving
cell on layer 4?
No
End
Refresh timer(s)
No
No
Satisfy P / N rule?
Any cell satisfy the

condition above?
Yes Select the neighbor cell with the highest priority &
on the 4th layer & satisfy RX_LEV(n)>= [Inter-layer
HO threshold](n) + [Inter-layer HO hysterisis](s->n)
Yes
Trigger MS fastmoving handover
Page123
Data Configuration of MS Fast-moving

Handover
Page124
Page125
Layer HO
GSM900 Cell
Lay 3
Serving Cell
GSM1800 Cell
Lay 2
Neighboring Cell
Page126
Layer HO
Begin
[Level HO
Allowed](s) Yes ?
No
Yes
Any neighbor cell exit?
No
End
Yes
16 bit value(n)<
16 bit value(s)?
No
Identify the next cell
Yes
A & ( layer(n)< layer(s)
or level(n)<level(s) )?
Yes
Satisfy P/N rule(n)?
No
No
Yes
Trigger
layer handover
A: RX_LEV(n)>= [nter-layer HO threshold](n)

+ [Inter-layer HO hysterisis](s->n)
Page127
Page128
Page129
Page130
PBGT HO
Handover
Triggering
Path Loss (dB)
PBGT HO 5
Threshold
Time
P/N
P: Valid Time
N : Watch Time
126-119=7dB>5dB
126dB
119dB
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
Page131
PBGT HO
[PBGT HO
Allowed] (s)Yes ?
Begin
Yes
current channel
signaling channel?
No
No
Yes
End
Search next
neighborcell
No
No
No
layer(n)=layer(s)&
level(n)=level(s)?
Yes
Path loss (s) Path loss (n)
>[PBGT HO Threshold](s->n)
Yes
Refresh timer(s)
Satisfy P / N rule?
Yes
Trigger
PBGT HO
NOTES: whichever the greater of the

[inter-cell HO hysteresis] and
[PBGT HO threshold], that value will be
used in the PBGT HO.
Page132
Data Configuration of PBGT HO
Page133
Data Configuration of PBGT HO
Page134
Concentric Cell
Purposes
Maximize coverage area
Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construction methods
Different combiner loss
Different propagation loss
Modify the transmission power of TRX, the down tilt of antennas, etc.
By HO parameters
Overlaid
Underlaid
Page135
Classification and HO Judgment of

Concentric Cell
Normal concentric
cell
Enhance concentric
cell
Receiving level
Receiving level
Time advance
Time advance
Quality
Quality
ATCB
Cell load of underlaid
Page136
Data Configuration of Concentric Cell
Page137
Normal Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink

receive level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
Receiving Level Threshold
Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
overlaid
TA Threshold
TA Hysteresis
Page138
Normal Concentric Cell HO
U to O
O to U
Page139
Normal Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid

No
[OL to UL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Begin
Yes
within Penalty Time
Yes
End
No
No
No
No
[RX_LEV for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Yes
Rx_Dl_Level<=[RX_LEV thshold]
-[RX_LEV Hysteresis]
No
[TA for UO HO
Allowed] Yes?
[RX_QUAL for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Quality>=
[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
Yes
No
Current TA>=[TA Threshold]+
[TA Hysteresis]?
Yes
Yes
P/N rule?
No
Yes
End
Yes
Trigger OL to UL
No
Page140
Normal Concentric Cell HO(UO )
Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid

Begin
[UL to OL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
With Penalty Time ?
No
End
Yes
No
[RX_LEV for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
No
[RX_QUAL for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Yes
No
[TA for UO HO
Allowed] Yes?
End
Rx_Dl_Level >=
[RX_LEV Threshold] +
[RX_LEV Hysteresis]
Yes
Rx_Dl_Qual<=
[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
No
Yes
Yes
Current TA<=[TA Threshold][TA Hysteresis]?
No
No
No
P/N rule?
Yes
Trigger UL to OL
Page141
No
Data Configuration of Normal

Concentric Cell HO
Page142
Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink

receive level, quality, TA value and cell load of underlaid.
underlaid
U to O HO Receiving Level Threshold
O to U HO Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
overlaid
TA Threshold
TA Hysteresis
Page145
Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Classification of TCH HO in enhance concentric cell HO
U to O
for high load in U
O to U
for moving
O to U
for low load in U
Page146
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )
Flow for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid for high load in UL

Begin
[UL to OL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
No
End
Yes
Within Penalty Time ?
Yes
End
No
Yes
[RX_LEV for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
No
Rx_Dl_Level>[UtoO HO
Received Level Threshold]
Yes
No
[ATCBHoSwitch] Open?
Yes
Yes
No
[RX_QUAL for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Rx_Dl_Qual<
[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
No
[TA for UO HO
Allowed] Yes?
No
No
Yes
Yes
Current TA<[TA Threshold]- No

[TA Hysteresis]?
No
P/N rule?
Yes
Yes
Go to the user selection
flow in the next slide
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]

RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
Page147
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )

(Con.)
User selection flow from UL to OL for high load in UL

[UtoO Traffice
HO Allowed] Yes ?
Begin
No
Yes
Refresh cell load
per second
Yes
No
Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out

Cell General OverLoad Thred]?
Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out

Cell Serious OverLoad Thred]?
(B-1)/second
Yes

End
No
B=[Underlay HO Step Period(s)]

HO step: [Underlay HO Step Level]
HO period: B-x or B
HO zone: begin from -47dBm
No
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
Trigger
UL to OL
Page148
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for low load in underlaid
Begin
[[OL to UL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
No
End
Yes
Refresh cell load
per second
No

Cell load of UL<[En Iuo Out

Cell Low Load Thred]?
Yes
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
Trigger
UL to OL
HO period: [En Iuo in Cell Load Classification HO Period]

HO step: [En Iuo in Cell Load Classification HO Step]
HO zone: begin from [OtoU HO Received Level Threshold] to -47dBm
Page149
No
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for moving

No
[OL to UL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Begin
Yes
With Penalty Time ?
Yes
End
No
No
No
[RX_LEV for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Level<[OtoU HO
Received Level Threshold]
Yes
[ATCBHoSwitch]
Open?
No No
No
[RX_QUAL for UO
HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Rx_Dl_Qual>
[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
Yes
[TA for UO HO
Allowed] Yes?
Yes
No
Current TA>[TA Threshold]+
[TA Hysteresis]?
Yes
P/N rule?
No
No
Yes
End
Yes
Select the underlaid subcell or
the neighbour cell with the
highst priority in 16 bits list
Trigger OL to UL
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]

[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Page150
Data Configuration of Enhance

Concentric Cell HO
Page151

Concentric Cell HO
Page153

Concentric Cell HO
Page155

Concentric Cell HO
Page156

Concentric Cell HO
Page157

Concentric Cell HO
Page159
Channel Assignment strategies of

Concentric Cell
Channel Assignment Strategies of Concentric Cell
Immediate
Assignment
Assignment
Intra-BSC
Inter-cell
Handover
Incoming
Cell
Handover
Page160
Immediate Assignment
The preferred SDCCH channel in two layers is controlled by

parameter TA pref. Of Imme-Assign Allowed
If "No", system prefers the channel in Underlaid subcell
If Yes", system prefers the channel according to in Channel

Request message
TA bigger
TA smaller
Page161
Data Configuration of Immediate

Assignment
Page162
Assignment
Preferred assignment in the overlay or underlay cell
Assign the channel of overlay or underlay cell according

to the Rx_level and TA in the measurement report
TA smaller and
Rx-level higher
Page163
Data Configuration of Assignment
Page164
Intra-BSC Inter-Cell Handover
In the case of intra-BSC inter-cell handover, the MS can be

handed over to the underlay or overlay cell first.
If System Optimization is selected, the preferred assignment is

conducted according to the level value in the measurement report.
According to the Rx-level
Overlaid
overlaid
Underlaid
Page166
Data Configuration of Intra-BSC InterCell Handover
Page167
Inter-BSC Handover
For the inter-BSC Handover, if the target cell is concentric cell , the
channel of underlay cell should be assigned first.
BSC2
BSC1
Overlaid
overlaid
Assign underlaid first
Underlaid
Page168
Data Configuration of Inter-BSC InterCell Handover
Page169
AMR Handover Flow

Begin
No
Intracell F-H HO
Allowed Yes ?
Yes
No
Is current channel
TCH & version3?
End
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
A: Cell load > [AMR TCH/H Prior

Cell Load Threshold]
During [Penalty Time

after AMR TCHF-H HO
Fail(s)]?
No
No
current channel is FR
RQI/2 >[F2H HO th] & A
RQI/2 <[H2F HO th]

Yes
Yes
No
No
Satisfy P/N rule?
Yes Trigger internal cell

AMR handover
Page170
End
Data Configuration of AMR HO
Page171
Data Configuration of AMR HO
Page173
General HO Process
Handover Judgment
Page175
Begin
No
MS uses the highest

power to access
[Power Forecast Allowed(s)

Yes ?
For MS
Yes
BSC predict power
BSC send HO
Command to MS
MS will use this predict

power to access the
target cell
HO execute
Page176
Data Configuration of Handover

Implementation(MS)
Page177
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Classification of HO
HO general procedure
HO judgment algorithm
HO implementation process
HO data configuration
Page178
Thank you
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3 - OMO133030 BSC6900 GSM V9R13 Handover Algorithm I ISSUE 1.02

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GSM Handover

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Handover is a key technology of mobile communication system and

Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Outline the types of handover

Master handover judgment flow

Understand algorithm of different handovers

Explain HO data configuration

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

To improve network service performance

To reduce the call drop rate

To reduce the congestion rate

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Dual Band HO

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Classification by Equipment and

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2.4 Handover Judgment

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measure and Measurement Result Report

Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.

Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink

The downlink measurement report

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Period of Measurement Report

The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink

The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH

The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measure and Measurement Result Report

Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recover the lost

Smooth the instantaneous

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measure and Measurement

Enhanced Dual Band HO

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Penalty for Handover Failure

Punish the target cell when a HO fails.

This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.

BSC punishes Cell D by

Within penalty time-75dBm-30dB=-105dBm

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data Configuration of Penalty for