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Bolted joints are one of the most common
elements in construction and machine
design.
They consist of fasteners that capture and
join other parts, and are secured with the
mating of screw threads.
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Screws engage the
threads of nuts or of
other parts.
A nut is a threaded
fastening with internal
thread. It is screwed on
the bolt and is of a shape
designed to be gripped
by a wrench or by hand.

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External (male) thread: Thread cuts outside of the
cylindrical body.
Internal (female) thread: Thread cuts inside of the
cylindrical body.
Internal thread
External thread
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Thread Terminology
Crest Peak edge of thread
Root Bottom of thread cut into a cylindrical
body
Thread angle Angle between threads faces
External Thread
Crest Crest
Root Root
Thread angle Thread angle
Internal Thread
Crest Crest
Root Root
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Thread Terminology
Major diameter Largest diameter on an
external or internal thread
Minor diameter Smallest diameter on an
external or internal thread
Internal Thread External Thread
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Thread Terminology
Pitch Distance between crests of threads
Internal Thread External Thread
Pitch Pitch
Pitch Pitch
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The act of tightening a bolt engages several different types of mechanical
force that help the resultant joint remain secure. The main forces
generated by bolt installation include:

Clamping Force: This is a type of compression that the bolt applies to the
joint, holding the two components together.

Preloading Force: Turning the bolt causes the threads to engage and
stretch, which produces the preload force that keeps the threads in place.

Shear Force: The shear force is the transverse pressure working against
the bolt in a perpendicular direction. It can be present alone or in
combination with tension force.

Tension Force: Tension force applies to the length of the bolt, providing
pressure along its vertical dimension, rather than its width.

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A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener

They are pre-shaped at one end and have their
other end reshaped when they are put to use.
All have a smooth shaft that passes through
the materials being bonded. They are used to
join two or more materials together.


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The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.
On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or
drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (i.e.,
deformed)
It expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft
diameter, holding the rivet in place.
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Rivets have been used to make watertight
hulls on ships, high-pressure tanks for steam
boilers and refineries, gussets for bridges,
airtight skins on airplanes --- even used to
bind heavy fabrics like denim that could not be
easily sewn.


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