GSM Recap 2 Rayleigh Fading Channel Average Level with 10 dB margin for 95 % probability 3 Variant Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) Total Bandwidth Duplex- frequency separation ARFCN Range GSM-900 (primary band) 890-915 935-960 Twice 25 MHz 45 MHz 1 124 Extended GSM-900 880-915 925-960 Twice 35 MHz 45 MHz 1 124 & 975 1023 DCS-1800 1,710- 1,785 1,805-1,880 Twice 75 MHz 95 MHz 512 885 PCS-1900 1,850- 1,910 1,930-1,990 Twice 60 MHz 80 MHz 512 810 GSM Bands & ARFCN 4 GSM Frame Formats 5 Normal Burst Format 2 One Slot (156.25 symbols for 576.92msecs) 1 3 4 5 6 One Frame = 4.615msecs (216.66 frames/sec) 7 0 Normal Slot on DL and UL Stealing (flag) Bits Tail Bits TB TB Training sequence Guard Bits 3 26 3 8.25 Payload Payload 57 57 1 1 6 DL & UL Frame Arrangement 2 1 3 4 5 6 Downlink Transmission 7 0 Uplink Transmission 2 1 3 4 5 6 Uplink Frame 7 0 Downlink Frame 0 1 2 7 6 5 Downlink - Uplink Offset (3 Time Slots) Duplex Transmission 7 Logical Channel - Purposes Name of Logical Channel & direction Purpose of Channel Format of Channel Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) DL Enables MS to acquire carrier frequency of BTS 142 0s Synchronization Channel (SCH) DL Allows MS to acquire frame synchronisation & BSIC 39 bits + 64 training bits + 39 bits Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) DL Allows MS to get various system information Normal Bursts (4 frames) Paging Channel (PCH) DL Paging for MS(s) Normal Bursts (4 frames) Random Access Channel (RACH) - UL MS sending access request 36 bits + 48 training bits + 56 extra guard bits Access Grant Channel (AGCH) DL Allocating SDCCH to MS Normal Bursts (4 frames) 8 Combined BCCH
Combined CCCH/SDCCH/4 Multiframe f s b b b b c f c f c s c c c c c c c c f c f s t t t t t t t t f f t t t t t t t t f s f s s s s s s s s s t t t t r r s f s s s s s s r r r r r r r s f r r r r r r r r r r f r r r r t r t t t r f t t t r t r t t t Downlink Uplink CHANNELS f = FCCH b = BCCH r = RACCH s = SCH/SACCH c = CCCH t = SDCCH/4 51 TDMA frames = 235 ms t 0 50 9 Non Combined - CCCH 10 SDCCH/8 Channels 11 Base Station Colour Code 12 Non Combined Configuration 13 Location Updating 14 Handover Syncronised 15 Handover Non-Syncronised 16 Handover Failure 17 System information Type 3 broadcasts two parameters for cell selection called CELL_BAR_QUALIFY & CELL_BAR_ACCESS Based upon these two parameters, MS will classify the cell into Normal, Barred and Low priority cells CELL_BAR_QUALIFY CELL_BAR_ACCESS Priority for Cell Selection FALSE FALSE Normal FALSE TRUE Barred TRUE FALSE Low TRUE TRUE Low Cell Selection 18 C1 Criterion C1 Criterion is used to decide these two factors If the MS is in the coverage area of the cell If the mobile station has enough power to reach the BTS from the location where it is at the moment C1 Criterion makes use of the following parameters Received signal level at the MS side Parameter RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN Parameter MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH Maximum power of the mobile station Cell Selection 19 C1 = A Max (B,0) where A = (Average receive power level RX_ACCESS_MIN) B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH Path loss criterion is satisfied if C1 > 0 Cell selection parameters appearing in System Information Type 3 Message in BCCH RX_ACCESS_MIN B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH CELL_BAR_ACCESS CELL_BAR_QUALIFY Cell Selection 20 CELL_BAR_QU ALIFY CELL_BAR_AC CESS Priority for Cell Reselection FALSE FALSE Normal FALSE TRUE Barred TRUE FALSE Normal TRUE TRUE Normal Parameters For Cell Reselection 21 C2 criterion is used to enable the MS to reselect cells belonging to suitable layer based upon mobility of MS (vehicle velocity) C2 criterion is also used to create a hysteresis corridor around Location Area boundary during cell reselection Additional parameters used for C2 criterion are CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET PENALTY_TIME TEMPORARY_OFFSET CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS Cell Reselection 22
Cell Reselection Hysteresis Location update to LA1 Location update to LA2 LA2 LA1 Frequent reselection of cells by mobiles in the boundary between location areas can create more location updates resulting in SDCCH congestion 23 Location update to LA1 Location update to LA2 LA2 LA1
To avoid unnecessary location updates taking place , the CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS parameter is used Cell Reselection Hysteresis 24 Frequency Diversity Is used to overcome the effect of bad channel Provides average channel conditions to all the mobiles Improves the fading margin required Interference Diversity Removes the effect of co channel interferers Reduces the interference level for all users Improves the C/I Facilitates tighter frequency reuse Benefits Of Frequency Hopping 25 0 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 RTSL f1 f2 f3 f4 TRX-1 TRX-4 TRX-3 TRX-2 B B = BCCH timeslot. It does not hop Time slots 17 of all TRXs hop over (f1,f2,f3,f4). Time slot 0 of TRX-2,3,4 hop over f2,f3,f4. BB hopping on 4 TRXs. The BCCH TRX is hopping except on RTSL-0. Baseband Hopping 26 Baseband Switching Circuits Hopping Control Baseband Section 1 Baseband Section 2 Baseband Section 3 Baseband Section 4 RF Section 1 (f1) RF Section 2 (f2) RF Section 2 (f3) RF Section 2 (f4) Baseband Hopping 27 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 tuned to carrier frequency f1 TDMA frame TRX2 tuned to carrier frequency f2 TRX3 tuned to carrier frequency f3 Unassigned TCH User 1 User 2 Idle Baseband Hopping BCCH channel 28 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX2 Transmitted on carrier f2 TRX3 TRX4 User 1 User 2 Idle Transmitted on carrier f1 Transmitted on carrier f3 Transmitted on carrier f3 Transmitted on carrier f2 Transmitted on carrier f4 Transmitted on carrier f4 Transmitted on carrier f3 Transmitted on carrier f1 RF Hopping 29 B = BCCH timeslot. TRX1 does not hop Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping over the MA-list (f1,f2,f3,.fn) attached to the cell RF hopping in 3-TRX cell TRX-2 TRX-1 TRX-3 B f1, f2, f3, fn f1, f2, f3, fn . . . . f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 RF Hopping 30 Baseband + RF (BCCH carrier tuned to f0) TX1 Output Baseband + RF TX4 Output Baseband + RF TX2 Output . . Synthesizer Hopping Control (f1, f2, f3, fn) Synthesizer Hopping Control (f1, f2, f3, fn) RF Hopping 31 Hopping Sequence Number (0...63) (HSN) A parameter used in randomising the hopping sequence. If HSN = 0, it means cyclic hopping, 1...63 means random hopping. Each hopping group may have an HSN of its own Mobile Allocation (MA) List of Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers, which are used in a particular hopping sequence MA-list Mobile allocation frequency list. This is an object in the BSC's database. It defines the MA for a RF hopping cell Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO) Hopping sequence starting point for each RTSL using the same MA. MAIO synchronises the RTSLs, which use the same MA, to use different frequencies at a time MAIO step (MS) MAIOs can be allocated every second or every third value, for example. Range from 1 (the old management) to 62 Frequency Hopping Parameters 32 Directed Retry macro cell micro cells DR congestion DR congestion 33 Omni Directional Antenna 34 Omni Directional Antenna 35 Sectored Antenna Gain of 11 to 19 dBi in the main direction F/B ratio of 30 dB Horizontal HPBW of 60 Mechanical tilt Electrical tilt possible for fine tuning Combined 3sector, dual polarized antennas in one housing are available to reduce optical impact Equipped with six connectors. 36 Antenna Tilts Omni Antenna 0 o tilt Omni Antenna x o electrical tilt x o
37 Antenna Tilts Sector Antenna 0 o tilt Sector Antenna x o mechanical tilt x o
x o
Sector Antenna x o electrical tilt Sector Antenna x o electrical tilt + y o mechanical tilt y o
38 Mechanical Tilt 39 System Information Type 3 broadcasts 2 values Tx-integer Max retrans These values define the time interval between retransmissions and also the number of retransmissions Varying the values help to control the RACH congestion When there is congestion, these values will be increased thereby increasing the time between retransmissions and number of retransmissions Tx-integer (T) can take values from 0-15 and this defines the random interval between tries (when RACH access has failed Max retrans parameter specifies the max retransmissions this can take values from 0 to 3 (corresponding to 1, 2, 4, 7 access attempts) RACH Control Parameters 40 MS in dedicated mode (TCH or SDCCH channel allocated) receives information from BTS on SACCH channel This is in addition to messages or voice received on the dedicated channel The information convey include TA (timing advance), Power Control, System Information Message Type 5 & 6 messages about neighbour list and other parameters One message is received in SACCH frame of 480 msec (in case of TCH) RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT parameter transmitted by BTS in BCCH helps MS to track the reception of SACCH messages It also maintains a counter called Radio Link Counter (S) this is set to RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT value initially Radio Link Failure 41 Radio Link Failure 4 Decoded 3 Not decoded 2 1 0 SACCH Blocks Every time MS is able to decode SACCH, it increments this value by 2 upto a maximum value of RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT Whenever it is not able to decode (in error) S is decremented by 1 Radio Link is declared to have failed if S reaches 0 Once this happen the connection is released 42 GSM Timers Name of timer Used by What purpose Range of values Other details Periodic update timer T3212 MS For doing periodic updates 1-255 decihour (value from 6 mts to 25.5 hours) Timer value indicated on BCCH through Type 3 messages Handover timer T3124 MS For timing out the handover access request Set to 675 msec for SDCCH & 320 msec
Call Queuing T11 MS For releasing SDCCH after non allocation of TCH MS waits for T11 to expire and then releases SDCCH T3109 BTS Release of channel on uplink failure. SACCH message is not sent & MS will time out (T100) Channel released on Radio Link Timeout Wait indication T3122 MS on Immediate Assignment Reject 0-255 seconds This ensures that only on expiry of T3122 another RACH is sent 43 Paging Channel (PCH) and Access Grant Channel (AGCH) are called Common Control Channels (CCCH) CCCH_CONF conveyed through BCCH messages indicates the configuration 0 1 TS (0) not combined with SDCCHs 1 1 TS (0) combined with SDCCHs 2 2 TS (0, 2) not combined with SDCCHs 3 3 TS (0, 2, 4) not combined with SDCCHs 4 4 TS (0, 2, 4, 6) not combined with SDCCHs Paging Groups 44 BS_AG_BLKS_RES BS_PA_MFRMS CCCH_CONF. From the CCCH_CONF parameter the following parameters can be retrieved: BS_CC_CHANS BS_CCCH_SDCCH_COMB Paging Groups 45 Paging Groups CCCH_CONF BS_CC_CH ANS BS_CCCH_ SDCCH_ COMB Channel Combination Physical channel number 000 1 FALSE 4 0 001 1 TRUE 5 0 010 2 FALSE 4+6 0+2 100 3 FALSE 4+6+6 0+2+4 110 4 FALSE 4+6+6+6 0+2+4+6 46 Paging Groups 1 3 4 5 6 7 0
3 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks 9 CCCH Blocks BCCH Carrier Frame * Not widely used 9 CCCH Blocks 47 CCCHs are used for Paging MSs Immediate Assignment Immediate Assignment Reject In combined multiframe 0, 1 or 2 of the 3 CCCH blocks may be reserved according to the parameter value BS_AG_BLKS_RES In non combined multiframe 0, 1, 2 , 7 of the 9 CCCH blocks may be reserved MS does not listen to every block in every frame Each CCCH block constitutes a paging sub channel and a mobile only listens to one sub channel Paging Groups 48 In addition MS listens to only every 2, 3, 4 , 9 multiframes This technique allows a number of paging subgroups to exist MS calculates from the CCCH configuration, reserved blocks and subgroup spreading (BS_PA_MFRMS) which subgroup it belongs to MS uses its IMSI in this calculation This is a trade off between conserving battery life and speed in responding to paging Paging Groups 49 Intelligent Underlay Overlay Super-reuse cell Super-reuseTRX Super-reuse frequency Child cell (microcell) Super-reuse TRX Super-reuse frequency Regular cell and parent cell for child cell Regular TRX Regular frequency 50 Underlay Overlay Terms Super layer A logical network layer consisting of TRXs with tight frequency reuse Regular layer A logical network layer consisting of TRXs with normal frequency reuse Super-TRX A TRX belonging to the super layer Regular-TRX A TRX belonging to the regular layer Super-reuse factor The average frequency reuse number for the super layer Good C/I probability The percentage of the total cell traffic having C/I ratio above the defined threshold Absorption Percentage of total cell traffic served by the super layer 51 Propagation Delay MS BTS BTS-MS separated by d kms. BTS starts transmission at t=0 t=0 MS receives this after a delay of t p sec MS starts transmission It takes d/c = t p sec for signal to propagate from BTS to MS (and MS to BTS), where c 3 x 10 5 km / sec t p BTS receives this after further delay of t p sec 2t p BTS can measure the round trip delay 2t p as timing advance to MS
52 RACH Structure & Access TS7 Uplink Time slots at BTS Guard time of 8.25 bit duration Time slots for transmission by MSs Downlink Time slots at BTS TS2 TS3 TS4 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 Downlink Time slots at MS t p Guard time of 8.25 bit duration RACH Burst RACH Burst RACH slot RACH burst at MS RACH burst received at BTS t p 2t p 60 additional Guard bit 53 MS-BTS Distance (km) Timing Advance (TA) MS-BTS Distance (km) Timing Advance (TA) <0.55 0 2.75-3.30 5 0.55-1.10 1 3.30-3.85 6 1.10-1.65 2 1.65.2.20 3 2.20-2.75 4 35.00 63 TA Values Vs Distance Distance of 0.55 km will result in round trip delay of 2t p = 1.100/c = 3.692 sec = 1 bit duration of GSM air interface 54 Message Sequence MO Calls RBT ring back tone BTS MS Channel RACH AGCH SDCCH -------------SDCCH---- SDCCH TCH ---- TCH -------TCH --------- TCH used C h a n n e l
r e q u e s t
I m m e d i a t e
A s s i g n m e n t
C a l l
s e t
u p
+
T M S I
S t a r t
E n c r y p t i n g
S e t
u p
( d i a l l e d
n u m b e r )
T C H
a l l o c a t i o n
A l e r t i n g
+
R B T
C o n n e c t
C o n n e c t
A c k n o w l e d g e
C o n v e r s a t i o n
Encrypted mode 55 Mobile station Base station Category Logical Channel SYNC CHANNEL INFORMATION Carrier sine wave SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE3 CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST AUTHENTICATION REQUEST CIPHERING MODE COMMAND CIPHERING MODE ACK LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT TMSI ALLOCATION COMPLETE AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE CHANNEL RELEASE RRM RRM RRM RRM MM MM MM MM MM RRM RRM RRM FCCH SCH BCCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH Location Updating 56 Mobile station Base station Category Logical Channel
RRM RRM RRM RRM RRM RRM MM MM RRM RRM CM CM CM RRM RRM CM
CM CM CM RRM FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FACCH TCH TCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH Carrier sine wave SYNC CHANNEL INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATION PAGING REQUEST CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT PAGING RESPONSE AUTHENTICATION REQUEST AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE CIPHERING MODE CIPHERING MODE ACK SETUP CALL CONFIRMED ALERTING CONNECT ASSIGNMENT COMMAND ASSIGNMENT ACK CONNECT ACK conversation conversation conversation DISCONNECT RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE CHANNEL RELEASE Mobile Terminated Call 57 Mobile station Base station Logical Channel TCH TCH SACCH TCH TCH TCH SACCH TCH FACCH new TCH TCH TCH TCH