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4. Teori Motivasi : Content Theories

Perilaku Organisasi
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung 2004

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Pengertian dan Model Motivasi
Teori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
Teori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg
Teori kebutuhan McClelland
Alderfers ERG theory
Tujuan Pengajaran
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Pengertian dan Model Motivasi
Pengertian
The willing to exert high levels of effort toward organization
goals, conditioned by effort to satisfy some individual need
Model Motivasi
Teori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
Teori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg
Teori kebutuhan McClelland
Alderfers ERG theory
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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The Motivational Process : An Initial Model
I
Need deficiencies
I want to perform well to
earn the promotion.
IV
Performance (evaluation
of goal accomplished)
Highest ratings on quantity,
quality and cost containment.
III
Goal directed behavior
The Promotion.
II
Search for ways satisfy
needs
I need to show the manager
that I want the promotion
work on tough assignments,
work extra hours, help co-
worker.
V
Rewards of
punishments
Received recognition
award; granted the
opportunity to attend
training program.
VI
Need deficiencies
reassessed by the
employee
I still want the
promotion. Ive got to try
another approach.
The Employee
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Teori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
That peoples needs depend on what they already
have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs isnt a
motivator. Human needs, organized in a hierarchy of
importance, are physiological, safety, belongingness,
esteem, and self actualization
Source : Gibson
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self
actualization

Esteem

Social / Belongingness

Safety

Physiological


Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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TEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERG
View that job satisfaction results from the presence of
intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction stems from
not having extrinsic factors
Source : Gibson
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Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-Dissatifaction
I. Traditional
High job
dissatisfaction
High job
satisfaction
II. Herzbergs two-factor view
Low job
satisfaction
High job
satisfaction
(motivator)
Low job
dissatisfaction
High job
satisfaction
(hygiene)
Source : Gibson
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Teori Kebutuhan McClelland
Learned Needs Theory
Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need will be
motivated to use appropriate behaviors to satisfy the need. A
persons needs are learned from the culture of a society
Thematis Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test that uses a persons analysis of picture to
evaluate such individual differences as need for achivement,
need for power, and need for affiliation
Source : Gibson
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The theory focus on three needs
1. Need for achievement
3. Need for affiliation
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards,
to strive to succeed
2. Need for power
The need to make others behave in a way that they wouldnt
have behaved otherwise
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
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Alderfers ERG theory
Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that categorized
needs as existence, related-ness and growth
Source : Gibson
Existence; needs satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditions
Growth; needs satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions
Related-ness; needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationship
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ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, Importance
and Satisfaction of Needs
Frustration
of growth needs
Importance
of growth needs
Satisfaction
of growth needs
Frustration
of relatedness needs
Importance
of relatedness needs
Satisfaction
of relatedness needs
Frustration
of existence needs
Importance
of existence needs
Satisfaction
of existence needs
Source : Gibson
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A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow
(need hierarchy)

Self-actualization

Esteem

Belongingness,
social and love

Physiological










Herzberg
(two factor theory)
The work itself
- Responsibility
- Advancement
- Growth


Achievement
Recognition

Quality of
interpersonal relations
among peers, with
supervisor, with
subordinates

Job security

Working conditions
Salary
Alderfer


Growth





Relatedness





Existence




Mc Clelland


Need for
achievement







Need for
power





Need for
affiliation



Higher
order
needs
Basic
needs
Motivators
Hygiens
conditions