Physics 6C

Geometric Optics
Mirrors and Thin Lenses
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We have already learned the basics of Reflection and Refraction.
Reflection - angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Refraction - light bends toward the normal according to Snells Law
Now we apply those concepts to some simple types of mirrors and lenses.
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We have already learned the basics of Reflection and Refraction:
Reflection - angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Refraction - light bends toward the normal according to Snells Law
Now we apply those concepts to some simple types of mirrors and lenses.
Flat Mirror
This is the simplest mirror a flat reflecting surface. The light rays bounce off and you see an
image that seems to be behind the mirror. This is called a VIRTUAL IMAGE because the light rays
do not actually travel behind the mirror. The image will appear reversed, but will be the same size
and the same distance from the mirror. A typical light ray entering the eye of the viewer is shown.
The object distance is labeled S and the image distance is labeled S.
Virtual Image
S S
Real Object
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Spherical Mirrors
For curved mirrors we will assume that the shape is spherical (think of a big shiny ball, and slice off
any piece of that theres your spherical mirror). This will make our math relatively simple, with
only a couple of formulas. The hard part will be to get the negative signs correct.
The radius of curvature describes the shape of the mirror. This is the same as the radius of the big
shiny ball that the mirror was cut from.
We will have two types of mirrors, depending on which direction they curve:
CONCAVE mirrors curve toward you, and have POSITIVE R (like the inside of the sphere).
CONVEX mirrors curve away from you, and have NEGATIVE R (think of the outside of the ball).
There is a point called the FOCAL POINT which is halfway between the mirror and the center.
Concave Mirror R is positive
Convex Mirror R is negative
R
C
R
C
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Shiny side
Shiny side
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
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Optical Axis
Focal
Point
Ray 1 through
the center
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We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis
Focal
Point
Ray 1 through
the center
Ray 1 reflects
directly back
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis
Focal
Point
Ray 2 through
the focal point
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis
Focal
Point
Ray 2 through
the focal point
Ray 2 reflects
parallel to axis
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis Focal
Point
Ray 3 comes in
parallel to axis
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis Focal
Point
Ray 3 reflects
through focal point
Ray 3 comes in
parallel to axis
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
Optical Axis
Object
1
3
2
Image
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
We will learn 2 techniques for dealing with mirrors (and lenses):
Graphical draw the light rays and the image is at their intersection.
Formula use a couple of formulas to locate and describe an image.
First the Graphical Method:
For a spherical mirror there are 3 basic rays that you can draw:
1) Any ray that goes through the CENTER of the circle reflects directly back to the light source.
2) Any ray that goes through the FOCAL POINT is reflected back PARALLEL to the optical axis.
3) Any ray that starts parallel to the optical axis is reflected back through the focal point.
(opposite of 2)
All 3 rays shown with the
image at their intersection
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
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Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
Before we answer this lets look at a few basic formulas for spherical mirrors.
2
R
f =
1) The focal length is half the radius.
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Remember the sign convention if the mirror is
concave R is positive. If convex, R is negative.
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
Before we answer this lets look at a few basic formulas for spherical mirrors.
2
R
f =
1) The focal length is half the radius.
2) This formula relates the object (S) and image
(S) positions to the focal length (f) of the mirror.
S
1
S
1
f
1
'
+ =
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Here S is always positive for mirrors, and
S is positive if the image is on the same
side as the object (a REAL image).
To remember this, just follow the light a
real (positive) image will have light rays
passing through it.
Remember the sign convention if the mirror is
concave R is positive. If convex, R is negative.
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
Before we answer this lets look at a few basic formulas for spherical mirrors.
2
R
f =
1) The focal length is half the radius.
2) This formula relates the object (S) and image
(S) positions to the focal length (f) of the mirror.
S
1
S
1
f
1
'
+ =
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Here S is always positive for mirrors, and
S is positive if the image is on the same
side as the object (a REAL image).
To remember this, just follow the light a
real (positive) image will have light rays
passing through it.
Remember the sign convention if the mirror is
concave R is positive. If convex, R is negative.
3) The magnification (m) of the image is related
to the relative positions of the object and image.
S
S
y
y
m
'
=
'
=
Dont forget the negative sign in this
formula. The sign of m tells you if the
image is upright (+) or inverted (-)
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
OK, back to the problem. We have given information:
m 2 . 0 S
m 25 . 0 f m 5 . 0 R
+ =
+ = + =
focal length
object distance
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Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
OK, back to the problem. We have given information:
m 2 . 0 S
m 25 . 0 f m 5 . 0 R
+ =
+ = + =
focal length
object distance
Now we can use formula 2 to locate the image (S)
m 1 S
S
1
2 . 0
1
25 . 0
1
S
1
S
1
f
1
= '
'
+ =
'
+ =
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Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
OK, back to the problem. We have given information:
m 2 . 0 S
m 25 . 0 f m 5 . 0 R
+ =
+ = + =
focal length
object distance
Now we can use formula 2 to locate the image (S)
This means the image will be located 1m BEHIND the mirror.
This is a VIRTUAL image.
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m 1 S
S
1
2 . 0
1
25 . 0
1
S
1
S
1
f
1
= '
'
+ =
'
+ =
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
OK, back to the problem. We have given information:
m 2 . 0 S
m 25 . 0 f m 5 . 0 R
+ =
+ = + =
focal length
object distance
Now we can use formula 2 to locate the image (S)
This means the image will be located 1m BEHIND the mirror.
This is a VIRTUAL image.
For the magnification, just use formula 3.
5
m 2 . 0
m 1
S
S
m + =

=
'
=
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m 1 S
S
1
2 . 0
1
25 . 0
1
S
1
S
1
f
1
= '
'
+ =
'
+ =
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
OK, back to the problem. We have given information:
m 2 . 0 S
m 25 . 0 f m 5 . 0 R
+ =
+ = + =
focal length
object distance
Now we can use formula 2 to locate the image (S)
This means the image will be located 1m BEHIND the mirror.
This is a VIRTUAL image.
For the magnification, just use formula 3.
So the image is upright (+) and 5 times as large as
the object.
We could also draw the ray diagram
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m 1 S
S
1
2 . 0
1
25 . 0
1
S
1
S
1
f
1
= '
'
+ =
'
+ =
5
m 2 . 0
m 1
S
S
m + =

=
'
=
Example using the Formula Method:
A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a womans face.
Where is her image and how large is it?
Object
1
3
2
Image
f S S
Notice the 3 rays in the diagram. They all start at the object and go toward the mirror. Ray 1
through the center is easy to draw. So is ray 2, which starts out flat, then bounces off the mirror
and goes through the focal point (f).
Ray 3 is the tricky one. Since the object is inside the focal point (closer to the mirror, or S<f) we
cant draw the ray through the focal point. Instead we pretend the ray came from the focal point
and passed through the object on its way to the mirror, then bounced off flat.
The outgoing rays do not intersect! So we have to trace them backwards to find their intersection
point behind the mirror. This is what your brain does for you every time you look in a mirror. The
virtual image appears at the point where the outgoing light rays seem to be coming from.
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C
Convex Mirrors
These will work the same way as concave, but R and f are negative. Take
a look at where the center of the sphere is it is behind the mirror. There
are no light rays there. This is why the radius is negative. Because the
light rays do not go there.
The 3 typical light rays are shown.
Ray 1 points toward the center and bounces straight back.
Ray 2 starts flat and bounces off as if it is coming from the focal point.
Ray 3 starts toward the focal point and bounces off flat.
Convex Mirror R is negative
R
f
3
2
1
object
Image (this is a virtual image behind
the mirror, so S is negative)
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C F
V
Light In Side
S > 0 Real Object
Light Out Side
S > 0 Real Image
C This Side, R > 0
S < 0 Virtual Object
S < 0 Virtual Image
C This Side, R < 0
Optic Axis
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
2
R
f =
S
S
y
y
m
'
=
'
=
C Center of Curvature
R Radius of Curvature
F Focal Point (Same Side as C)
V Vertex
Equations: Paraxial Approximation
Concave Mirror Illustrated
SPHERICAL MIRROR EQUATIONS
AND SIGN CONVENTION
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Light In Side
S > 0 Real Object
S < 0 Virtual Image
C This Side, R < 0
n
a
Index of
Refraction
Light Out Side
S < 0 Virtual Object
S > 0 Real Image
C This Side, R > 0
n
b
Index of
Refraction

REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL INTERFACE
BETWEEN TWO OPTICAL MATERIALS
R
n n
S
n
S
n
a b b a

=
'
+
S n
S n
y
y
m
b
a
'
=
'
=
Illustrated Interface Has C, Center of Curvature,
On The Light Out Side, Thus R > 0
A Flat Interface Has R =
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Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
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Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
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Assistance Services at UCSB
For part a) consider the fish to
be the light source, and
calculate the image position
for light rays exiting the bowl.
We will be using this formula:
R
n n
S'
n
S
n
a b b a

= +
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part a) consider the fish to
be the light source, and
calculate the image position
for light rays exiting the bowl.
We will be using this formula:
R
n n
S'
n
S
n
a b b a

= +
Here is the given information:
cm 14 R ; cm 14 S ; 1 n ; 33 . 1 n
b a
= + = = =
This radius is negative
because the center of the
bowl is on the same side as
the light source (the fish)
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part a) consider the fish to
be the light source, and
calculate the image position
for light rays exiting the bowl.
We will be using this formula:
R
n n
S'
n
S
n
a b b a

= +
Here is the given information:
cm 14 R ; cm 14 S ; 1 n ; 33 . 1 n
b a
= + = = =
This radius is negative
because the center of the
bowl is on the same side as
the light source (the fish)
cm 14 S
cm 14
33 . 1 1
S
1
cm 14
33 . 1
= '

=
'
+
A negative value for S means the image is on the same side of the
interface as the object (i.e. inside the bowl in this case). So the
observer will see a virtual image of the fish at the center of the bowl.
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part a) consider the fish to
be the light source, and
calculate the image position
for light rays exiting the bowl.
We will be using this formula:
R
n n
S'
n
S
n
a b b a

= +
Here is the given information:
cm 14 R ; cm 14 S ; 1 n ; 33 . 1 n
b a
= + = = =
This radius is negative
because the center of the
bowl is on the same side as
the light source (the fish)
cm 14 S
cm 14
33 . 1 1
S
1
cm 14
33 . 1
= '

=
'
+
A negative value for S means the image is on the same side of the
interface as the object (i.e. inside the bowl in this case). So the
observer will see a virtual image of the fish at the center of the bowl.
Magnification can be found
from this formula:
S n
S n
m
b
a
'
=
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part a) consider the fish to
be the light source, and
calculate the image position
for light rays exiting the bowl.
We will be using this formula:
R
n n
S'
n
S
n
a b b a

= +
Here is the given information:
cm 14 R ; cm 14 S ; 1 n ; 33 . 1 n
b a
= + = = =
This radius is negative
because the center of the
bowl is on the same side as
the light source (the fish)
cm 14 S
cm 14
33 . 1 1
S
1
cm 14
33 . 1
= '

=
'
+
A negative value for S means the image is on the same side of the
interface as the object (i.e. inside the bowl in this case). So the
observer will see a virtual image of the fish at the center of the bowl.
Magnification can be found
from this formula:
S n
S n
m
b
a
'
=
33 . 1
) cm 14 ( 1
) cm 14 ( 33 . 1
m =

=
The fish appears larger
by a factor of 1.33
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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For part b) the light source is the sun, which is really
far away (i.e. object distance is infinity). This is what
they mean by parallel rays from the sun.
The focal point will be where the suns
rays converge, so we need to find the
image distance S.
sunlight
sunlight
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) the light source is the sun, which is really
far away (i.e. object distance is infinity). This is what
they mean by parallel rays from the sun.
cm 14 R ; S ; 33 . 1 n ; 1 n
b a
+ = = = =
This radius is positive because the
center of the bowl is on the opposite
side as the light source (the sun)
Our given information becomes:
The focal point will be where the suns
rays converge, so we need to find the
image distance S.
sunlight
Focal Point
Problem 24.23
A small tropical fish is at the center of a water-filled (n=1.33) spherical fishbowl 28cm in diameter.
a) Find the apparent position and magnification of the fish to an observer outside the bowl.
b) A friend advised the owner of the bowl to keep it out of direct sunlight to avoid blinding the fish,
which might swim into the focal point of the parallel rays from the sun. Is the focal point
actually within the bowl?
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
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Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) the light source is the sun, which is really
far away (i.e. object distance is infinity). This is what
they mean by parallel rays from the sun.
cm 14 R ; S ; 33 . 1 n ; 1 n
b a
+ = = = =
This radius is positive because the
center of the bowl is on the opposite
side as the light source (the sun)
cm 56 S
cm 14
1 33 . 1
S
33 . 1 1
+ = '
+

=
'
+

This image is beyond the other side of the bowl (28cm away), so the fish will be safe.
Our given information becomes:
The focal point will be where the suns
rays converge, so we need to find the
image distance S.
Surface 1 Surface 2
Light In Side
S > 0 Real Object
S < 0 Virtual Image
C
1
This Side, R
1
<
0
C
2
This Side, R
2
<
0
Light Out Side
S < 0 Virtual Object
S > 0 Real Image
C
1
This Side, R
1
> 0
C
2
This Side, R
2
> 0
n Index of Refraction
C
1
Center of Curvature, Surface 1
C
2
Center of Curvature, Surface 2
Illustrated Lens is Double Convex Converging
With C
1
on the Light Out Side and C
2
on the Light In Side
Equations:
S
S
y
y
m
'
=
'
=
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
1) (n
f
1
THIN LENS EQUATIONS
AND SIGN CONVENTION
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Two Basic Types of Lenses
CONVERGING
f is positive
Thicker in middle
Object outside focal
point = real image
Object inside focal
point = virtual image
Focal Point
DIVERGING
f is negative
Thinner in middle
Real object always
gives a virtual image
Focal Point
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Radius=15cm
Radius=20cm
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Radius=15cm
Radius=20cm
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
To find the focal length we use
the thin lens equation:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
1) (n
f
1
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
R
2
=+15cm
R
1
=+20cm
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
To find the focal length we use
the thin lens equation:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
1) (n
f
1
Light traveling
this direction
The difficult part is to get the signs correct for the
radii. We can suppose the light is coming from the
left, so the light encounters the 20cm side first.
Since the center of that 20cm-radius circle is on the
other side (where the light rays are going to end up)
we call this radius positive so R
1
=+20cm.
Similarly, the 15cm-radius circle has its center on
the other side, so this is also positive: R
2
=+15cm
Your basic rule of thumb is this: follow the
light rays they end up on the positive side.
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
R
2
=+15cm
R
1
=+20cm
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
To find the focal length we use
the thin lens equation:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
1) (n
f
1
cm 100 f
cm 15
1
cm 20
1
1) 6 . 1 (
f
1
= |
.
|

\
|
=
Light traveling
this direction
For extra bonus fun, try calculating the focal length when the light
comes from the other side so the 15cm radius is encountered first.
You ought to get the same answer for the focal length.
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
cm 33 S
cm 100
1
S
1
cm 50
1
3
1
= '

=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm S=-33.3cm
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
cm 33 S
cm 100
1
S
1
cm 50
1
3
1
= '

=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm S=-33.3cm
The height of the image comes
from our magnification formula:
cm 8 y
cm 50
cm 33
cm 12
y
S
S
y
y
m
3
1
+ = '

=
'

'
=
'
=
The image is virtual, upright, and 8cm tall.
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
cm 33 S
cm 100
1
S
1
cm 50
1
3
1
= '

=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm S=-33.3cm
The height of the image comes
from our magnification formula:
cm 8 y
cm 50
cm 33
cm 12
y
S
S
y
y
m
3
1
+ = '

=
'

'
=
'
=
The image is virtual, upright, and 8cm tall.
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
cm 33 S
cm 100
1
S
1
cm 50
1
3
1
= '

=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm S=-33.3cm
The height of the image comes
from our magnification formula:
cm 8 y
cm 50
cm 33
cm 12
y
S
S
y
y
m
3
1
+ = '

=
'

'
=
'
=
The image is virtual, upright, and 8cm tall.
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+
Sample Problem
a) Find the focal length of the thin lens shown. The index of refraction is 1.6.
b) A 12cm-tall object is placed 50cm away from this lens. Find the image location and height. Is
this image real or virtual? Draw the ray diagram.
Prepared by Vince Zaccone
For Campus Learning
Assistance Services at UCSB
For part b) we can use the formula:
cm 33 S
cm 100
1
S
1
cm 50
1
3
1
= '

=
'
+
f=-100cm S=+50cm S=-33.3cm
The height of the image comes
from our magnification formula:
cm 8 y
cm 50
cm 33
cm 12
y
S
S
y
y
m
3
1
+ = '

=
'

'
=
'
=
The image is virtual, upright, and 8cm tall.
The red ray in our diagram is
initially headed for the focal point
on the other side of the lens at
x=+100cm.
The lens deflects it parallel to the
axis, and we trace it back to find
the image (at the intersection
with the other 2 rays)
f
1
S
1
S
1
=
'
+