jpg)
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Announcements
There is lots of nice math in chapter 32! This lecture calls
your attention to those parts of the chapter that you need to
know for exams. Keep this lecture in mind when you study
chapter 32.
q encl
E dA
B dA
B ds =
dB
E ds = - dt
Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.
rarely in the course of human events have so many starting equations been given in so little time
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwells Equations
q enclosed
E dA o
d B
E ds dt
B dA 0
dE
B ds=0Iencl + 00 dt
E
0
B 0
dB
E=dt
1 dE
B= 2
+ 0 J
c dt
direction of
propagation
direction of
propagation
Here is a movie.
y
x
direction of
propagation
= 0 0
2E y (x, t)
2B z
2B z (x,t)
= 0 0
2
x
t 2
t 2
Ey =Emax sin kx - t
Bz =Bmax sin kx - t
where
2
k= ,
= 2f ,
and
f = = c.
k
B z
=x
t
direction of
propagation
Emax (amplitude)
E(x,t)
Ey =Emax sin kx - t
Bz =Bmax sin kx - t
Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space with the
speed of light c = 1/(00).
Emax and Bmax are the electric and magnetic field amplitudes.
direction of
propagation
1
Because c =
0 0
c
.
you can show that v =
m
mv 2 GmMearth
F=
=
R
R2
2R
v=
T
Solve the above to get the distance R of the satellite from the
center of the earth, then subtract 6.38x106 m to get the height
of the satellite above the ground.
GmMsun
F=
R2
Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.
1
E B
0
E
B
z
1
S = E B
0
S
c
EB E2
cB2
S=
=
=
0 0 c 0
EM waves are sinusoidal. Ey =Emax sin kx - t
Bz =Bmax sin kx - t
EM wave propagating
along x-direction
Notice the 2s in
this equation.
energy
power
time
S=
=
area
area
instantaneous
instantaneous
Thus,
energy
power
time
I= S =
=
area
area
average
average
Note: Saverage and <S> mean the same thing!
Energy Density
The energy densities (energy per unit volume) associated
with electric and magnetic fields are:
1 B2
uB =
2 0
1
uE = 0E2
2
1 B2 1 c
uB =
=
2 0 2 0
1 0 0E2 1
=
= 0E2
2 0
2
1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0
1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0
For an electromagnetic wave, the instantaneous energy density
associated with the magnetic field equals the instantaneous
energy density associated with the electric field.
2
B
u = uB +uE = 0E2 =
0
2
B
1
1
2
max
u = 0Emax
=
2
2 0
2
2
1 Emax
1 cBmax
Recall Saverage = S =
=
so we see that S = c u .
2 0 c 2 0
Homework Clarification
Problem 32.23 also calculate the energy density due to the
electric and magnetic fields
2
1 Bmax
uB =
.
4 0
Quiz 8.
Satellite
R
Station
P
power
I=
=
2
area average 2R
5.00 10 W
=
2 1.00 10 m
4
= 7.96 10-7 W m2
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.
*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power
is radiated into all space or into just part of space.
2
1 Emax
I= S =
2 0 c
Satellite
R
Emax = 20cI
Station
= 2.45 10-2 V
Emax
Bmax =
=
c
2.45 10-2 V
m = 8.17 10-11 T
8
3
10
m s
1
2
uE = 0Emax
4
2
1 Bmax
uB =
4 0
1
-12
-2 2
uE = 8.85 10 2.45 10
4
1 8.17 10
uB =
4 4 10-7
uE =1.33 10
-15
J
m3
-11 2
uB =1.33 10
-15
J
m3
Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an
Electromagnetic Wave.
incident
2U
p =
c
Radiation Pressure
The radiation pressure on the object is defined as the force per
unit area:
F
P=
A
From Newtons
2nd
F 1 dp
Law (F = dp/dt) we have: P = =
A A dt
U
For total absorption, p =
c
dU
1 dp 1 d U 1 dt S
=
=
So P =
=
A dt A dt c c A c
incident
S average
c
I
=
c
I
Prad =
(total absorption)
c
incident
absorbed
2I
Prad =
(total reflection)
c
incident
reflected
m2
2
3
4.0
m
=5.6
10
W =5.6 kW
Prad =
Saverage
c
I
= =
1.4 103 W
3 108 m
m
2
m = 4.7 10 Pa
2
-6
2
-5
4.0
m
=1.9
10
N
2
2
1 Emax
1 cBmax
Saverage =
=
2 0 c 2 0
Emax E
1
= =c=
Bmax B
00
1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0
k = , = 2f , f = = c
2
1
1 Bmax
2
u = 0Emax =
2
2 0
U
2U
p =
or
c
c
I
2I
Prad = or
c
c
There are even more on your starting equation sheet; they are derived from the above!