Cardiovascular System

Chapter 15
Lecture
PowerPoint
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Paris Junior College
2402
Anatomy and Physiology II
Chapter 15
Susan Gossett
sgossett@parisjc.edu
Department of Biology
2
Holes Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
15
Cardiovascular System
15.1: Introduction
The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body each
day
The heart contracts 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime
The heart and all blood vessels make up the cardiovascular
system
The blood vessels make up two circuits:
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Systemic circuit delivers oxygen to all

body cells and carries away wastes.
O2
Oxygenated blood
Oxygenated
blood pumped to
all body tissues
via aorta
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Pulmonary circuit eliminates carbon

dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the
blood.
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
blood pumped
to lungs via
pulmonary arteries
CO2
CO2
CO2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
O2
Alveolus
O2
Oxygenated blood returns

to heart via pulmonary veins
Deoxygenated blood returns
to heart via venae cavae
Right atrium
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
15.2: Structure of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump
There are four chambers:
Two atria (for blood storage)
Two ventricles (one low pressure pump and one high
pressure pump)
Size and Location of the Heart

The heart size varies with body size

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity
The average size of the heart is:
14 cm long
9 cm wide
The heart is:
Posterior to the sternum
Medial to the lungs
Anterior to the vertebral column
The base lies beneath the 2nd rib
The apex at the 5th intercostal space
It lays just above the diaphragm
0 1 2 3 4
5 cm
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo and dissection by Christine Eckel
Base of heart
Sternum
Heart
Apex of heart
Diaphragm
Coverings of the Heart

The coverings of the heart include the pericardium:
Fibrous pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Right lung Left lung
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Auricle of left atrium
Fibrous pericardium
Cut edge of
parietal pericardium
Diaphragm
Auricle of right
atrium
Heart (covered by
visceral pericardium)
Left ventricle
Right
ventricle
Anterior interventricular
sulcus
9
Pericardial cavity
Wall of the Heart

The heart wall has three distinct layers:
Epicardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (middle layer)
Endocardium (inner layer)
Pericardial
cavity
Parietal
pericardium
Fibrous
pericardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Coronary
blood vessel
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)
10
11
Heart Chambers and Valves

The heart is divided into four chambers:
Right atrium:
Receives blood from the:
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Right ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium
Left atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Receives blood from the left atrium
12
13
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery
Superior vena cava

Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Right atrium
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Interventricular
septum
Inferior vena cava

(a)
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Aortic valve
Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Opening of coronary
sinus
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Interventricular
septum
Inferior vena cava

(b)
14
(c)
c: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Right
atrium
Cusps of
tricuspid
valve
Chordae
tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Papillary
muscles
Muscular
ridges
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./University of Michigan Biomedical Communications
15
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./University of Michigan Biomedical Communications
Skeleton of the Heart

The fibrous rings, together with other masses of dense
connective tissue in the portion of the septum between the
ventricles (interventricular septum), constitute the skeleton of
the heart
Pulmonary valve
Aortic
valve
Opening of
left coronary
artery
Tricuspid
valve
Mitral valve
Fibrous skeleton
Posterior
16
Path of Blood Through the Heart

Systemic
capillaries
Tissue cells
CO2
Superior
vena cava
O2
Pulmonary
artery
Alveolus
CO2
CO2
Alveolar
capillaries
O2
O2
Alveolar
capillaries
Alveolus
Pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
CO2
Systemic
capillaries
O2
Tissue cells
17
Blood from systemic circuit
Venae cavae and

coronary sinus
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Alveolar capillaries (lungs)
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
18
Blood to systemic circuit
Blood Supply to the Heart

The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the
tissues of the heart
Aorta
Right coronary artery
Posterior
interventricular
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
ventricular
walls
Left coronary artery
Marginal
artery
Circumflex
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
walls of right
atrium and right
ventricle
Myocardial
capillaries in
walls of left
atrium and left
ventricle
Anterior
interventricular
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
ventricular
walls
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
19
Right atrium
Aorta
Part of
aorta
removed
Aortic
valve
cusps
Right coronary
artery
Opening of
left coronary
artery
20
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Left pulmonary veins

Left auricle
Left coronary artery
Right auricle
Great cardiac vein

Anterior interventricular artery
(left anterior descending artery)
Right coronary
artery
Anterior cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Inferior vena cava

Right ventricle
Apex of the heart
(a)
Superior vena cava

Aorta
Right pulmonary
artery

Left pulmonary
veins
Left auricle
Circumflex artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Cardiac vein
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Left ventricle
(b)
Apex of the heart
Posterior interventricular
artery
Right ventricle
21
15.3: Heart Actions

The heart chambers function in coordinated fashion
Heart actions are regulated so that atria contract (atrial
systole) while ventricles relax (ventricular diastole); followed
by ventricles contract (ventricular systole) while atria relax
(atrial diastole)
Pulmonary
valve closed
Aortic
valve closed
Pulmonary
valve open
RA
Aortic
valve open
LA
Atrial systole
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves open
(a)
LV
RV
Ventricular
diastole
Atrial diastole
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves closed
Ventricular
systole
(b)
22
Cardiac Cycle
During a cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers rise and falls
In atrial systole and ventricular diastole:
Blood flows passively into the ventricles
The remaining 30% of blood is pushed into the ventricles
The A-V valves open and the semilunar valves close
The ventricles relax
This causes an increase in ventricular pressure
In ventricular systole and atrial diastole:
The A-V valves close
The chordae tendinae prevent the cusps of the valves from bulging
too far into the atria
The atria relax
The blood flows into atria
The ventricular pressure increases and opens the semilunar valves
The blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta
23
Heart Sounds
A heart beat through a stethoscope sounds like lubb-dupp
The lubb
The first heart sound
It occurs during ventricular systole
The A-V valves are closing
The dupp
The second heart sound
It occurs during ventricular diastole
The pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves are closing
A murmur abnormal heart sound from the cusps not
completely closing
24
Aortic area
Pulmonary area
Tricuspid
area
Mitral area
25
Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Cardiac muscle fibers form a functional syncytium
This is a mass of cells that function as a unit
Two such areas exist in the heart:
In the atrial walls called the atrial syncytium
In the ventricular walls called the ventricular syncytium
26
Cardiac Conduction System

Clumps or strands of specialized

cardiac muscle tissue which initiate and
distribute impulses throughout the
myocardium
The cardiac conduction system
coordinates the events of the cardiac
cycle
SA node
Atrial syncytium
Junctional fibers
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
27
Ventricular syncytium
Interatrial septum
Left
bundle
branch
SA node
AV node
Junctional
fibers
AV bundle
Right bundle
branch
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
Purkinje fibers
Interventricular
septum
Myocardial
muscle fibers
(a)
(b)
28
15.1 From Science to Technology

Replacing the Heart From
Transplants to Stem Cell Implants
29
Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram or ECG is a recording of electrical
changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac
cycle
It is used to assess the hearts ability to conduct impulses
The deflections in the normal ECG, or waves, include:
P wave atrial depolarization
QRS complex (three waves) ventricular depolarization
T wave ventricular repolarization
30
(a)
.5
.5
Millivolts
1.0
Millivolts
1.0
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

display.
.5
.5
0
(b)
200 400 600

Milliseconds
0
(f)
200 400 600

Milliseconds
R
.5
.5
Millivolts
1.0
Millivolts
1.0
.5
200 400 600

Milliseconds
0
(g)
Millivolts
Millivolts
.5
P
.5
Millivolts
.5
T
0
200 400 600

Milliseconds
0
(h)
200 400 600

Milliseconds
.5
QRS complex
0
.5
(e)
.5
0
1.0
200 400 600

Milliseconds
1.0
1.0
(d)
.5
(c)
Q
S
0 200 400 600
Milliseconds
31
Atrial
Atrial
Atrial
systole
diastole
systole
Ventricular Ventricular
Ventricular
diastole
systole
diastole
Pressure changes
0
0.3
0.6
120
Aortic
semilunar
valve
opens
Pressure (mm Hg)
100
Atrial
diastole
Ventricular Ventricular
systole
diastole
0.9 seconds
Aortic semilunar
valve closes
80
Aortic pressure
60
Ventricular pressure
40
AV valve
closes
20
AV valve opens
Atrial pressure
Volume (mL)
Ventricular volume
160
120
Ventricular volume
80
Millivolts
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
+1
Q
1
T
Q
S
One cardiac cycle
Heart sounds
Lubb: AV
valves close
Dupp: Semilunar
valves close
32
Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle

The SA node controls the heart rate
There are also sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that control the
heart rate as well
There are also regulatory reflex centers that influence heart rate
Additional factors that may influence heart rate include:
Physical exercise
Body temperature
Concentration of various ions including:
Potassium
Calcium
Parasympathetic impulses decrease heart action
Sympathetic impulses increase heart action
Cardiac center regulates autonomic impulses to the heart
33
Receptor
Sensory or
afferent neuron
Central
Nervous
System
Motor or
efferent neuron
Effector
(muscle or gland)
(a)
Carotid
sinus
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Sensory
fibers
Carotid
baroreceptors
Common
carotid
artery
Hypothalamus
Aorta
Medulla
(transverse
section)
Cardiac
center
Aortic
baroreceptors
Parasympathetic
vagus nerve
SA node
AV node
Spinal cord
(transverse sections)
(b)
Sympathetic
nerve
Sympathetic trunk
34
15.1 Clinical Application

Arrhythmias
35
15.4: Blood Vessels

The blood vessels are organs of the cardiovascular system
The blood vessels form a closed circuit to and from the
heart
The blood vessels include:
Arteries - carry blood away from the ventricles of the
heart
Arterioles - receive blood from the arteries and carry
blood to the capillaries
Capillaries - sites of exchange of substances between
the blood and the body cells
Venules - receive blood from the capillaries
Veins - carry blood toward the atria of the heart
36
Artery
Vein
Lumen
Valve
Endothelium of
tunica interna
Connective tissue
(elastic and collagenous fibers)
Tunica media
Tunica externa
(a)
(b)
Endothelium
of tunica
interna
Lumen
Middle layer
(tunica
media)
Outer layer
(tunica
externa)
37
(c)
c: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
15.2 From Science to Technology

Altering Angiogenesis
38
Arteries and Arterioles

Arteries:
Thick strong wall (three layers or tunics)
Endothelial lining
Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Outer layer of connective tissue
Carries blood under relatively high pressure
Arterioles:
Thinner wall than an artery (three layers or tunics)
Endothelial lining
Middle and outer layers are thinned
Some smooth muscle tissue
Small amount of connective tissue
Helps control blood flow into a capillary
39
Arteriole
Smooth
muscle cell
Endothelium
Precapillary
sphincter
Capillary
40
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest diameter blood vessels
They connect the smallest arteriole and the smallest venule
They are extensions of the inner lining of arterioles
The walls are endothelium only
They are semi-permeable
Metarteriole (forming arteriovenous

shunt)
Precapillary
sphincter
Arteriole
Capillaries
Venule
Artery
Blood flow
Vein
Blood flow
41
Tissue fluid
Nucleus of
endothelial
cell
Endothelial cell
Endothelial
cell cytoplasm
Lumen of
capillary
Slit
Cell junction
(b)
Tissue fluid
Capillary
(a)
(c)
b,c, : Don. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
42
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Don. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
43
Lymphatic
capillary
Blood
flow
from
arteriole
Outward force,
including
hydrostatic
pressure
35 mm Hg
Net outward
pressure
11 mm Hg
Inward force
of osmotic
pressure
24 mm Hg
Net force at arteriolar end

Outward force, including hydrostatic pressure
Inward force of osmotic pressure
Net outward pressure
Capillary
Tissue
cells
Outward force,
including
Net inward
hydrostatic
pressure
pressure
8 mm Hg
Inward force of
16 mm Hg
osmotic pressure
24 mm Hg
Blood
flow to
venule
Net force at venular end

= 35 mm Hg
= 24 mm Hg
= 11 mm Hg
Outward force, including hydrostatic pressure

Inward force of osmotic pressure
Net inward pressure
= 16 mm Hg
= 24 mm Hg
= 8 mm Hg
44
Venules and Veins

Venule:
Microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries
and merge to form veins
Thinner walls than arterioles
Less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole
Veins:
Thinner walls than arteries (three layers or tunics)
Middle wall poorly developed
Many have flap-like valves
Carry blood under relatively low pressure
Function as blood reservoirs
45
100
90
Percent distribution
80
Toward
heart
70
60
50
Large
veins
40
30
20
10
Small
veins
and
venules
(a)
(b)
Systemic
veins
6070%
Lungs
1012%
Heart
811%
Systemic Capillaries
arteries
45%
1012%
46
47
15.5: Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force the blood exerts against the inner
walls of the blood vessels
48
Arterial Blood Pressure

Arterial blood pressure:
Rises when the ventricles contract
Falls when the ventricles relax
Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure during
ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure when the
ventricles relax
49
Temporal a.
Carotid a.
Facial a.
Brachial a.
Radial a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Dorsalis pedis a.
Posterior tibial a.
50

Blood Vessel Disorders
51
Factors That Influence

Arterial Blood Pressure
Blood volume
increases
Heart rate
increases
Stroke volume
increases
Blood pressure increases
Blood viscosity
increases
Peripheral resistance
increases
52

Measurement of Arterial
Blood Pressure
53

Space Medicine
54
Control of Blood Pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is determined by cardiac output (CO)
and peripheral resistance (PR) according to this relationship:
BP = CO x PR
Maintenance of blood pressure requires regulation of these
two factors
Increased blood pressure
Decreased heart rate
Decreased stroke volume
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased peripheral resistance

Blood pressure maintained
Increased cardiac output

Increased heart rate
Increased peripheral resistance
Increased stroke volume
55
Decreased blood pressure
Cardiac output increases
Rising blood pressure
Blood pressure rises
Stimulation of baroreceptors in
aortic arch and carotid sinuses
Baroreceptors in aortic arch and

carotid sinuses are stimulated
Sensory impulses to vasomotor center
Sensory impulses to cardiac center
Vasomotor center inhibited
Parasympathetic impulses to heart
Less frequent sympathetic impulses

to arteriole walls
SA node inhibited
Vasodilation of arterioles
Heart rate decreases
Blood pressure returns

toward normal
Decreased peripheral resistance
Blood pressure returns toward normal
56
Venous Blood Flow

Blood pressure decreases as the blood moves through the
arterial system and into the capillary network, so little
pressure remains at the venular ends of the capillaries
Only partly a direct result
To heart
of heart action
Dependent on:
To heart
Skeletal muscle contraction
Relaxed skeletal
Breathing
muscle
Vein
Venoconstriction
Valve open
Contracted
skeletal muscle
Vein
Valve closed
57

Hypertension
58
Central Venous Pressure

All veins, except those returning to the heart from the lungs,
drain into the right atrium
This is therefore pressure in the right atrium
Factors that influence it alter flow of blood into the right
atrium
It effects pressure within the peripheral veins
A weakly beating heart increases central venous pressure
An increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back
up into the peripheral veins
This can lead to peripheral edema
59

Exercise and the
Cardiovascular System
60
15.6: Paths of Circulation

Blood vessels can be divided into two major pathways:
The pulmonary circuit
The systemic circuit (includes coronary circulation)
61
Pulmonary Circuit
Right pulmonary artery
Superior
vena cava Aorta
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary capillaries
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right lung
Left lung
Inferior vena cava
62
Lymph flow
Blood flow
Blood flow
Lymphatic capillary
Alveolar capillary
Slight net outflow

of fluid from capillary
Solutes fail to enter

alveoli but contribute to
the osmotic pressure of
the interstitial fluid
Alveolar air
4
Capillary wall
Alveolar wall
Fluid from the

interstitial space
enters lymphatic
capillary or
alveolar
(blood) capillary
Interstitial space
3
Any excess water in

alveolus is drawn out by
the higher osmotic pressure
of the interstitial fluid
63
Systemic Circuit
Composed of vessels that lead from the heart to all body
parts (except the lungs) and back to the heart
Includes the aorta and its branches
Includes the system of veins that return blood to the right
atrium
64
15.7: Arterial System

Superficial temporal a.
External carotid a.
Internal carotid a.
Vertebral a.
Common carotid a.
Brachiocephalic a.
Axillary a.
Intercostal a.
Suprarenal a.
Brachial a.
Renal a.
Radial a.
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Ulnar a.
Deep femoral a.
Subclavian a.
Aorta
Coronary a.
Celiac a.
Superior mesenteric a.
Lumbar a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Gonadal a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Posterior tibial a.
65
Dorsalis pedis a.
Principal Branches of the Aorta
66
Right common carotid a.

Left common carotid a.
Right internal jugular v.
Left internal jugular v.
Right subclavian a.
Left subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic a.
Brachiocephalic vv.
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary a.
Left pulmonary vv.
Right pulmonary a.
Right pulmonary vv.
Left auricle
Right auricle
Pulmonary trunk
67
Abdominal aorta
Phrenic aa.
Splenic a.
Left gastric a.
Celiac a.
Hepatic a.
Right gastric a.
Suprarenal a.
Renal a.
Gonadal a.
Lumbar aa.
Superior
mesenteric a.
Inferior
mesenteric a.
Common iliac aa.

Middle sacral a.
(a)
Abdominal
aorta
Splenic a.
Celiac a.
Hepatic a.
Renal aa.
Intestinal branches from

superior mesenteric a.
Branches from inferior

mesenteric a.
Common
iliac aa.
(b)
b: Dr. Kent M. Van De Graaff
68
Arteries to the Brain,

Head, and Neck
Anterior
cerebral a.
Anterior
cerebral a.
Middle
cerebral a.
Posterior
communicating a.
Anterior
communicating a.
Internal
carotid a.
Pituitary
gland
Middle
cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Posterior
cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Vertebral a.
Spinal a.
Spinal cord
69
Arteries to the Brain,

Head, and Neck
Superficial
temporal a.
Posterior
auricular a.
Basilar a.
Occipital a.
Internal
carotid a.
Anterior choroid a.
Maxillary a.
Facial a.
Lingual a.
External
carotid a.
Superior thyroid a.
Common carotid a.
Carotid sinus
Brachiocephalic a.
Vertebral a.
Thyrocervical
axis
Subclavian a.
70
Arteries to the Shoulder

and Upper Limb
Right common carotid a.

Right subclavian a.
Axillary a.
Anterior circumflex a.
Posterior circumflex a.
Deep brachial a.
Brachial a.
Radial recurrent a.
Radial a.
Ulnar recurrent a.
Ulnar a.
Principal
artery of
thumb
Deep volar arch a.

Superficial volar arch a.
Digital a.
71
Arteries to the Thoracic and

Abdominal Walls
Vertebral body
Posterior intercostal a.
Internal intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Internal thoracic a.
External intercostal m.
Sternum
Anterior intercostal aa.
Costal cartilage
72
Arteries to the Pelvis

Aorta
Inferior mesenteric a.
Inferior epigastric a.
Right common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
Left common iliac a.

Middle sacral a.
External iliac a.
Iliolumbar a.
Superior gluteal a.
Deep
circumflex iliac a.
Lateral sacral a.
Femoral a.
Obturator a.
Superior vesical a.
Inferior gluteal a.
Internal pudendal a.
Inferior vesical a.
Perineal a.
Inferior rectal a.
73
Arteries to the Lower Limb

Right common iliac a.
Abdominal
aorta
Deep circumflex iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Superficial circumflex iliac a.
Deep femoral a.
Superficial
pudendal a.
Femoral a.
Lateral femoral a.
Deep genicular a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Posterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Dorsalis pedis a.
Medial plantar a.
Anterior view
Posterior view
Lateral plantar a.
74
15.8: Venous System

Superficial temporal v.
Anterior facial v.
External jugular v.
Internal jugular v.
Right brachiocephalic v.
Axillary v.
Cephalic v.
Brachial vv.
Basilic v.
Median cubital v.
Renal v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Common iliac v.
External iliac v.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Azygos v.
Hepatic v.
Inferior vena cava
Ascending lumbar v.
Gonadal v.
Internal iliac v.
Femoral v.
Great saphenous v.
Popliteal v.
Posterior tibial vv.

Small saphenous v.
Anterior tibial vv.
75
Characteristics of
Venous Pathways
Vessels of the venous system originate with the merging of
capillaries into venules, venules into small veins, and small
veins into larger ones
Unlike arterial pathways, those of the venous system are
difficult to follow due to irregular networks and unnamed
tributaries
76
Veins from the Brain,

Head, and Neck
Venous
sinuses
Superior
ophthalmic v.
Vertebral v.
Right external
jugular v.
Right
Subclavian v.
Anterior
facial v.
Right internal
jugular v.
Right axillary v.
77
Veins from the

Upper Limb and Shoulder
Right internal jugular v.
Right external jugular v.

Right subclavian v.
Left brachiocephalic v.
Axillary v.
Superior vena cava

Brachial vv.
Cephalic v.
Basilic v.
Median cubital v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Dorsal arch v.
78
Veins from the

Abdominal and Thoracic Walls
External jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Axillary v.
Brachial v.
Internal jugular v.
Brachiocephalic vv.
Cephalic v.
Superior hemiazygos v.
Posterior intercostal v.
Basilic v.
Azygos v.
Inferior hemiazygos v.
79
Veins from the Abdominal Viscera

Liver
Stomach
Left gastric v.
Hepatic
portal v.
Gallbladder
Right gastric v.
Spleen
Pancreas
Splenic v.
Superior
mesenteric v.
Portion of
small intestine
Inferior
mesenteric v.
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum
80
Head and upper

limb capillaries
Lungs
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
Superior
vena cava
Aorta
Hepatic artery
Inferior
vena cava
Splenic artery
Hepatic vein
Liver
Common
iliac vein
Hepatic
portal vein
Renal capillaries
Mesenteric artery
(to intestine)
Renal efferent
arterioles
Renal afferent
arterioles
Trunk capillaries
Common
iliac artery
81
Lower limb capillaries
Veins from the

Lower Limb and Pelvis
Inferior
vena cava
Right common
iliac v.
Internal
iliac v
External iliac v.
Femoral v.
Great saphenous v.
Popliteal v.
Anterior tibial vv.

Small saphenous v.
Fibular vv.
Posterior tibial vv
Medial plantar vv.

Dorsalis pedis v.
Anterior view
Lateral plantar vv.

Posterior view
82
15.9: Lifespan Changes

Cholesterol deposition in the blood vessels
Heart enlargement
Death of cardiac muscle cells
Increase in fibrous connective tissue of the heart
Increase in adipose tissue of the heart
Increase in blood pressure
Decrease in resting heart rate
83

Molecular Causes of
Cardiovascular Disease
84

Coronary Artery Disease
85
Important Points in Chapter 15:

Outcomes to be Assessed
15.1: Introduction
Discuss the functions of the organs of the cardiovascular system.
15.2: Structure of the Heart
Distinguish between the various coverings of the heart and the layers
that compose the wall of the heart.
Identify and locate the major parts of the heart and discuss the
function of each part.
Trace the pathway of the blood through the heart and the vessels of
coronary circulation.
15.3: Heart Actions
Describe the cardiac cycle and explain how heart sounds are
produced.
86

Identify the parts of a normal ECG pattern and discuss the
significance of this pattern.
Explain control of the cardiac cycle.
15.4: Blood Vessels
Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood

vessels.
Describe how substances are exchanged between blood in capillaries
and the tissue fluid surrounding body cells.
15.5: Blood Pressure

Explain how blood pressure is produced and controlled.
Describe the mechanisms that aid in returning venous blood to the
heart.
87

15.6: Paths of Circulation
Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular
system.
15.7-15.8: Arterial System Venous System
Identify and locate the major arteries and veins.

15.9: Lifespan Changes
Describe the lifespan changes in the cardiovascular system.
88
Quiz 15
Complete Quiz 15 now!
Read Chapter 16.
89

Cardiovascular System

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Chapter 15

Paris Junior College

Holes Human Anatomy

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Systemic circuit delivers oxygen to all

Pulmonary circuit eliminates carbon

Oxygenated blood returns

15.2: Structure of the Heart

Size and Location of the Heart

The heart size varies with body size

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo and dissection by Christine Eckel

Coverings of the Heart

Right lung Left lung

Wall of the Heart

Heart Chambers and Valves

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

c: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Skeleton of the Heart

Path of Blood Through the Heart

Blood from systemic circuit

Venae cavae and

Alveolar capillaries (lungs)

Blood Supply to the Heart

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Left pulmonary veins

Great cardiac vein

Inferior vena cava

Apex of the heart

Superior vena cava

Left pulmonary artery

Apex of the heart

15.3: Heart Actions

Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Cardiac Conduction System

Clumps or strands of specialized

15.1 From Science to Technology

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

200 400 600

200 400 600

200 400 600

200 400 600

200 400 600

200 400 600

Pressure (mm Hg)

Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle

15.1 Clinical Application

15.4: Blood Vessels

c: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

15.2 From Science to Technology

Arteries and Arterioles

Metarteriole (forming arteriovenous

Net force at arteriolar end

Net force at venular end

Outward force, including hydrostatic pressure

Venules and Veins

15.5: Blood Pressure

Arterial Blood Pressure

15.2 Clinical Application

Factors That Influence

Blood pressure increases