Applied Mechanics for Safety

Atomic Structure
GROUP MEMBERS:

MUHAMAD SYAHMI AKRAM B. AZIZ

PA11045

KHALEDA NORLYANA BT ZAINAL

PA11038

JUWAIRIAH ZAKIRAH BT ABDUL RAZAK

PA11024

NURUL ATIKAH BT AZMI

PA11027

History of
developmen
t of Atomic
Structure

Development of Atomic Model

Democritus
460BC

John Dalton
1803

JJ Thompson
1897

Matter consisted of minute, indivisible and indestructible

particles known as atoms.
All matter is made of atoms
Atom is the simplest and cannot be simpler
The existence of Electron
This shows Daltons theory was wrong.

The Quran and Modern Science

God who knows the unseen! Not even the weight of an
atom(dzharrah) in the heavens or earth escapes His
knowledge, nor anything smaller or greater. It is all
recorded in a clear Book. (Holy Quran 34:3) (Translation
by Prof Abdel Haleem, Oxford University)
Thus the verse clearly shows that it is possible for something smaller than an atom to exist, a
fact discovered only recently by modern science.

Rutherford
1912

Niels Bohr
1913

James Chadwick
1932

There is Nucleus
Develop atomic model
Electrons orbiting the shell
Discovered the neutron in 1932.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
An atom is the smallest particle that has the properties of the element. Each atom is made up of three things:

Protons (P+) - the smallest positively charged unit of matter

Neutrons (N) - the smallest neutral unit of matter (no charge)
Electrons (e-) - the smallest negatively charged unit of matter

Ball shaped center called the nucleus which contains the protons (P+) and the neutrons (N).
Around this nucleus, there are electrons

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical reaction: Tendency of atom to lose and gain electron.
Anion (negatively charges) gain electron
Cation ( positively charges) lose electron

Number of neutrons in regular atom

oProton number/atomic number of Osmium is 76
oNucleon Number/ atomic mass of Osmium is 190.23
oRound off the atomic mass to the nearest whole number
190.23

190

oNucleon number of an element is the total number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus of its atoms.
oNeutron number of an element is the total number of nucleon subtract the total number of proton.
oTo find number of neutron
N=Mn
N = number of Neutrons
M = atomic Mass
n = atomic number

190 76 = 114

Number of neutrons in an isotope

oProton number/atomic number of Carbon is 6
oNucleon Number/ atomic mass of Carbon is 12.01 (Figure 1)

oNucleon number of Carbon is 14 ( figure 2)

oIsotope have same number of proton but different number of neutrons.

12 6 = 6

14 6 = 8

oIsotope have same number of proton but different number of nucleon.

oNeutron number of an element is the total number of nucleon subtract the total number of proton.
To find number of neutrons
N=Mn
Same number of proton

Figure 1

Figure 2

Different number of neutrons

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1) Ionic Bonding
Occurs between + and - ions.
An ionic bond is formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons from its
outer shell
Requires electron transfer.

Example: NaCl

Na (metal)
unstable

Cl (nonmetal)
unstable

electron
Na (cation)
stable

Coulombic
Attraction

Ionic material hard, brittle, electrically and thermally insulative

Binding energy large high melting temperature

Cl (anion)
stable

2) Covalent Bonding
similar electronegativity share electrons
bonds determined by valence s & p orbitals dominate bonding
Highly directional type of bonding.
Binding energy & melting temperature very high (diamond) to very weak (polymeric material)
Example: CH4

C: has 4 valence e-,

CH 4

shared electrons
from carbon atom

needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-,

needs 1 more
H

H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms

3) Metallic Bonding
Sea of valence electrons floating on ion cores
Non-directional (bonds form in any direction) atoms pack closely.
Binding energy & melting temperature
(wide range)

All elemental metals, highly conductive, ductile.

Examples of typical metallic bonding:
cu, al, au, ag, etc.