IP Addressing

Chapter 9

Chapter Objectives

Explain difference between dynamic and

static addresses
Identify different classes of IP addresses
Describe IP Subnet
Identify IP Masks
Explain Classless IP addressing and CIDR
Explain special IP addresses
Explain host addressing in Mobile IP

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Recall

NetBIOS include Name service, Session service and

Datagram service
NetBIOS name cache contains NetBIOS names and
their corresponding IP addresses that were recently
resolved by local computer
Supporting Protocols within IP layer are ARP,
RARP, ICMP and IGMP
Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) specifies maximum
amount of data that a frame can carry within a
network

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IP Address

A Unique, 32-bit address used by computers to

communicate over a computer network

Types of IP Address

Static

Dynamic

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Classful IP Addressing - I

IP address structure consists of two addresses,

Network and Host
IP address is divided into five classes
IP Address
Classes

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

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Classful IP Addressing - II
Byte 1
Class A
Class B
Class C

Byte 2

Network ID

Byte 4

Byte 3
Host ID

Network ID

Host ID

Network ID

Class D

Multicast Address

Class E

Reserved for future use

Host ID

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Examples of Classful Addressing

14.23.120.8 - The first byte of the address

represents 14 which lies between 0 and
127, hence Class A address.
134.11.78.56 - The first byte of address is
134 which lies between 128 and 191 hence
the address belongs to Class B.
193.14.56.22 - As first byte is 193 which is
between 192 and 223, hence the address
belongs to Class C.

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Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast

Addresses

Used to achieve communication on the Internet

Unicast address uniquely identifies a host in a
network and belongs to class A, B and C
Multicast address defines an address for a group
and belongs to class D
Broadcast address allows user to send data packet
to all machines on a given network and is last
address of that network

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IP Subnetting

Allows you to divide a network into smaller subnetworks

Each subnet has its own sub-network address
Subnet can be created within Class A, B, or C based
networks

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Subnet Mask

Specifies part of IP address used to identify a

subnetwork.
Subnet mask when logically ANDed with IP address
provides 32-bit network address

Subnet Mask
AND
IP Address

Operation

Network Address

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Default Mask

Has predetermined number of 1s

Class A, B and C contains 1s in network ID fields for
default subnet mask

Class A

Default Mask
(in Binary)
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Class C

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Address
Class

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Classless IP Addressing

Ruled out fixed size network address

Network address can vary from 0-bit to 31-bit
Uses Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
addressing scheme
CIDR address notation:
154.201.179.42/18
IP address

First 18 bits represent

network ID

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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Used by CIDR to allocate IP addresses to subnets

depending up on the requirement
Allows network administrator to create variable size
subnets within a network
Employs two different subnet masks at router which
are ANDed one after another to the address

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Example of VLSM - I

For example, if an organization is given a Class

C address and the organization needs to have
five subnets VLSM employs two subnet masks.
If the IP address is 201.70.64.0, consider the
first subnet mask with 26 1s that is
255.255.255.192 or in binary format
1111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
which provides four subnets having 64
addresses in each subnet.

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Example of VLSM - II

Further, one of the subnet having 64 host

addresses is divided in two subnet having 32
hosts addresses by applying a mask of 27 1s
that is 255.255.255.224 or
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
to one of the subnet from the four subnets. Refer
to the figure in next slide.

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Example of VLSM - III

201.70.64.0 201.70.64.63

201.70.64.64 201.70.64.127

201.70.64.128 201.70.64.191

201.70.64.192 201.70.64.223

201.70.64.224 201.70.64.254

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Case Study
The Moneymaker bank has been granted an IP address
190.100.0.0/16 by IANA. The Bank has started its branches in
Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai. It is seen that

The Delhi branch requires 64 networks while each network

needs 254 addresses
The Bangalore branch must have 128 networks while each
network needs 126 addresses
The Mumbai branch requires 128 networks while each
network needs 62 host addresses.

Design the subnetworks, give slash notation for each

subnetwork and calculate the number of addresses which still
remain available after allocation of addresses.
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Problem

Implementing VLSM to create subnets within a

network

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Suggested Solution

Create subnets for each branch

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Special Addresses

IP addresses which are never used on the public

Internet
Types of Special
Address

Private Address

Loop-back
Address

Link-Local
Address

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IPv6

Latest version of IP addressing over IPv4

Implements 128-bit network in contrast to 32-bit IP
address used by IPv4
Address notation consists of 32 hexadecimal digits
with every 4 digits separated by a colon

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Ping, Tracert and Path Ping

Utility tools used for keeping track about hosts on

the network and network structure
Ping (Packet Internet Groper) Used by computer
network to test whether intended host is reachable
across IP network
Tracert Used by Windows operating system to
increase time-to-live (TTL) value of data packets
sent
Pathping Provides useful information about
network errors, network latency and network loss at
hops between source and destination address

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Host Addressing In Mobile IP - I

Host cannot carry IP address from one network to

another
IP address is valid only when the host is connected
to a particular network
When a host moves from one network to another it
requires IP addressing structure to be modified
To maintain network connectivity of host within new
network:

Change IP address from one network to another

Use two IP addresses

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Host Addressing In Mobile IP - II

To maintain network connectivity of host within new

network:

Change IP address from one network to another Provides network connectivity for mobile host when it
travels from one network to another by changing IP
address of mobile host
Use two IP addresses - Host uses home address
when it is in permanent home network and uses careof-address when it moves to foreign network

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Agents in Mobile IP - I

Mobile IP includes
two agents to make
address changes
invisible to the rest of
the Internet

Agents

Home
Agent

Foreign
Agent

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Agents in Mobile IP - II

Home agent

Involves a routing device attached to home network of

mobile host
Transmitting data packet from host to mobile host
Packet

Host

Home
Agent

Foreign
Agent

Mobile
Host

Foreign agent

Usually a router that is attached to foreign network

Receives packet sent by home agent and delivers
these packets to mobile host

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Phases in Mobile IP

While communicating with a remote host, a mobile

host has to undergo three phases

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Inefficiency in Mobile IP

Mobile IP sometime may provide with inefficient

communication which can be either severe or
moderate.
Inefficiency may be caused due to:
Double Crossing
Triangle Routing

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Summary - I

An IP address defines unique address of a device over a

network
An IP address is a 32 Byte address and is divided into
various classes namely Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
D and Class E
In Classless addressing, network address field can
extend further to Host Id field
Subnetting allows one to create multiple logical networks
within a single Class A, B, or C address based network
A subnet mask is a 32-bit IP address, when bit-wise
ANDed with given IP address provides with the address
required to identify a subnet

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Summary II

CIDR makes use of VLSM to allocate IP addresses to

subnets depending upon the need of the organization
Routing devices on the Internet discard any IP datagram
or packet using private IP addresses
A Loop-back address is a test address which acts as a
test mechanism of network devices and protocols
IPv6 implements 128-bit network in contrast to 32-bit IP
address used by IPv4
Mobile IP allows mobile devices to move from one
network to another while maintaining the connectivity to
the Internet

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