Basic rules and Laws

BPE
CAFODAT
1st SEM

Yesterdays Recap
Boyles law
Charles law

LAW

RELATIONSHIP

LAW

CONSTANT

Boyles

P V

P 1 V1 = P 2 V 2

T, n

Charles V T V1/T1 = V2/T2

P, n

Todays lesson
Gas laws
Combined gas law
Avogadros law
Ideal gas equation
Numerical value of R
Daltons law of partial pressure
Units and dimensions

Combined gas law

Boyles law relates pressure and volume, while
Charles law related volume and temperature
at constant pressure.
By combining these two laws, we can get
combined gas law equation which shows that
how the volume of a given mass of gas
changes with simultaneous change of
temperature and pressure.

Combined gas law

According to Boyles law, for a given mass of gas,
V 1/P when temperature is constant(1)
According to Charles law,
V T when pressure is constant..(2)
Combining Boyles and Charles law,
V T/P when temperature and pressure vary.(3)
Or V =KT/P
Or PV/T = K, where K is a constant(4)

Combined gas law

Let P1 , V1 and T1 be initial and P2, V2 and T2
final pressure, volume, and temperature of a
given mass of gas respectively. Then,
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2(5)
With the help of this equation, it is possible to
convert the volume of a given mass of gas
from one set of conditions to another.

Combined gas law

The equation (4) is,
PV/T =K
Or PV=KT
Where K is a constant and its value depends upon the mass
of gas taken. If 1 gram of the gas is taken, then K is known
as specific gas constant and its value differs from one gas
to another. If one mole of a gas, is taken then instead of K,
the symbol R is used and its value is the same for all gases,
hence called Universal Gas Constant. For 1 mole of a gas,
the equation 4 becomes,
PV= RT.(6)

Combined gas law

If the pressure of the gas is expressed in atmosphere
and volume of the gas in litre the value of R is equal to
0.0821 L Atm/K mol
If n moles of gas is taken then the equation (6) takes the
form,
PV =nRT(7)
This equation is known as the Ideal Gas Equation, since
this equation is strictly valid only to ideal gas at all
temperature and pressure.

Numerical value of R
What is R?
Calculate the numerical value of R? (2)

Numerical value of R
In ideal gas equation is given by;
PV =nRT
Where P= pressure, V=volume of gas, R=Universal
gas constant, T=Temperature
One mole of gas at NTP occupies 22.4 liters. Hence,
the value of R can be calculated as follows,
R= PV/nT = 1atmx22.4liter/1molex273K
= 0.0821 liter-atm mole-1K-1

Avogadros Law

Avogadros Law
Avogadro's law is a gas law named after Amedeo
Avogadro who, in 1811, hypothesized that two given
samples of an ideal gas, at the same temperature,
pressure and volume, contain the same number of
molecules. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms
in a specific volume of gas is independent of their
size or the molar mass of the gas.
O2
N2
CO2

Avogadros Law
Avogadro's law is stated mathematically as
V n (number of moles) or V =k n
V/n = k
Where, V= volume of gas, n = the amount of gas
, k =proportionality constant.
For two different gases,
V1/n1 = V2/n2

Conclusions from Avogadro's law

1)

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the

number of molecules (moles) of gas at the same T and P.

2)

2) One mole of any gas occupies the same volume for a

given T and P and contains the same number of particles
- atoms - molecules.

3)

3) This volume is called the molar volume and is 22.414

L for an ideal gas at 0oC and 1 atm.

4)

4) V is directly proportional to n at constant P and T.

5)

5) Some real gas volumes at STP are: O2-22.397 L; N222.402 L; H-22.433L

E) We can solve a variety of problems with

the Ideal Gas Equation. 2
Q: Calculate the volume of 2.63 mol of O2
gas at 25oC and 0.986 atm pressure. Assume
O2 behaves as an ideal gas under these
conditions.

E) We can solve a variety of problems

with the Ideal Gas Equation.
2
Calculate the volume of 2.63 mol of O2
gas at 25oC and 0.986 atm pressure.
Assume O2 behaves as an ideal gas
under these conditions.

Daltons law of partial pressure

What is partial pressure?

Daltons law of partial pressure

Suppose two or more non reacting gases are mixed
together. Then what will be the pressure of this
gaseous mixture?
The pressure due to any individual gas in the gaseous
mixture is known as the partial pressure of that gas.
The partial pressure of a gas in gaseous mixture is the
pressure that the gas would exert if alone present in
the whole container.
Let us consider a vessel containing a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen. If one gas is removed, then what
will be the pressure of a gas alone?

Daltons law of partial pressure

In 1807 John Dalton, put forward the law to calculate
the total pressure of a gaseous mixture from the partial
pressures of the component gases. This law is called
Daltons Law of partial pressure.
At constant temperature the total pressure exerted by
a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the individual component gases.
If P1, P2, P3 are partial pressures of constituent gases,
then the total pressure, Ptotal of the gaseous mixture is
given by,
Ptotal =P1+P2+P3

Mathematical calculation of Daltons law

Let us consider a gaseous mixture composed of n1 moles of gas 1 and n2
moles of gas 2 and n3 moles of gas 3. Let the total volume of the gaseous
mixture be V and temperature be T Kelvin. If nt be the total moles of gaseous
mixture then,
nt = n1+n2+n3 (1)
Multiplying both sides of the equation (1) by RT/V, we get,
nt RT/V = n1 RT/V +n2 RT/V +n3 RT/V..(2)
But according to ideal gas equation ,We have,
PV =nRT or P =nRT/V
Therefore, pt = ntRT/V,
p1 = n1RT/V
p2 = n2RT/V
p3 = n3RT/V
And from equation (2) using the following relationship,
Pt = p1+p2+p3.(3)
Where pt is the total pressure exerted by the gaseous mixture and p1, p2 and
P3 are the partial pressure of individual component gases 1 2 and 3
respectively. Equation (3) is the mathematical expression of Daltons law of
partial pressure.

Thank you
Any Questions?