17TH
CHAPTER 4
Biodiversity and Evolution
Fins
Organs, meat, hides
Fear
32% shark species threatened with extinction
Keystone species
Cancer resistant
Threatened Sharks
Fig. 4-1, p. 80
Ecosystem diversity
Biomes: regions with distinct climates/species
Functional diversity
Biodiversity is an important part of natural capital
Fig. 4-2, p. 82
Heat
Chemical
nutrients
(carbon dioxide,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
minerals)
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Decomposers
(bacteria, fungi)
Heat
Producers
(plants)
Consumers
(plant eaters,
meat eaters)
Heat
Fig. 4-3, p. 82
Genetic Diversity
Fig. 4-4, p. 83
Major Biomes
Fig. 4-5, p. 84
Denver
San
Francisco
Coastal
mountain
ranges
Coastal
chaparral
and scrub
Las
Vegas
Sierra
Nevada
St. Louis
Great
American
Desert
Coniferous
forest
Baltimore
Rocky
Mountains
Desert
Great
Plains
Coniferous
forest
Mississippi Appalachian
River Valley
Mountains
Prairie
grassland
Deciduous
forest
Fig. 4-5, p. 84
Importance of Insects
Fig. 4-A, p. 83
Edward O. Wilson
Fig. 4-B, p. 85
Fig. 4-6, p. 86
Fig. 4-7, p. 87
(a)
A group of
bacteria,
including
genetically
resistant ones,
are exposed to
an antibiotic
(b)
Most of the
normal
bacteria die
(c)
The genetically
resistant
bacteria start
multiplying
(d)
Eventually the
resistant strain
replaces all or
most of the strain
affected by the
antibiotic
Fig. 4-7, p. 87
A group of bacteria,
including genetically
resistant ones, are
exposed to an
antibiotic
Normal
bacterium
The genetically
resistant bacteria
start multiplying
Eventually the
resistant strain
replaces the strain
affected by
the antibiotic
Resistant
bacterium
Stepped Art
Fig. 4-7, p. 87
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Present
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Present
Stepped Art
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Fig. 4-9, p. 89
18,000 years
before
present
Northern Hemisphere
Ice coverage
Modern day
(August)
Legend
Continental ice
Sea ice
Land above sea level
Fig. 4-9, p. 89
Fig. 4-10, p. 91
Northern
population
Early fox
population
Different environmental
conditions lead to different
selective pressures and
evolution into two different
species.
Spreads
northward and
southward and
separates
Gray Fox
Southern
population
Adapted to heat through
lightweight fur and long
ears, legs, and nose,
which give off more heat.
Fig. 4-10, p. 91
Extinction is Forever
Extinction
Biological extinction
Local extinction
Endemic species
Found only in one area
Particularly vulnerable
Fig. 4-11, p. 92
Consider
Ethics
Morals
Privacy issues
Harmful effects
Artificial Selection
Fig. 4-C, p. 92
Cross
Pear breeding
Apple
Offspring
Best result
Cross
breeding
New
offspring
Desired
result
Fig. 4-C, p. 92
Fig. 4-D, p. 92
Species evenness:
Comparative number of individuals
Fig. 4-12, p. 93
Generalist species
Broad niche: wide range of tolerance
Specialist species
Narrow niche: narrow range of tolerance
Fig. 4-13, p. 95
Number of individuals
Specialist species
with a narrow niche
Niche
separation
Generalist species
with a broad niche
Niche
breadth
Region of
niche overlap
Resource use
Fig. 4-13, p. 95
Fig. 4-14, p. 96
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Flamingo
feeds on
minute
organisms
in mud
Brown pelican
dives for fish,
Avocet sweeps bill
which it locates through mud and
from the air
surface water in
search of small
crustaceans,
insects, and seeds
Louisiana
heron wades
into water to
seize small
fish
Herring
gull is a
Ruddy
tireless
turnstone
scavenger
searches
Dowitcher probes
under shells
deeply into mud in
and pebbles
search of snails,
for small
marine worms, and
invertebrates
small crustaceans
Oystercatcher feeds
on clams, mussels,
and other shellfish
into which it pries
its narrow beak
Knot (sandpiper)
picks up worms
and small
crustaceans left
by receding tide
Piping plover
feeds on insects
and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Fig. 4-14, p. 96
Cockroach
Fig. 4-15, p. 96
Trout
Birds
Butterflies
Frogs
Prolonged drought
Pollution
Increase in UV radiation
Parasites
Viral and fungal diseases
Climate change
Overhunting
Nonnative predators and competitors
Fig. 4-17a, p. 98
American Alligator
Fig. 4-18, p. 99