TEKNIK TENAGA AIR

WISNU HARIYANTO

POKOK BAHASAN

1.
2.
3.
4.

PENGERTIAN UMUM.
PEMBANGKITAN TENAGA AIR.
EFFISIENSI PEMBANGKITAN.
FASILITAS BANGUNAN TENAGA AIR.
=== UTM ====
5. TURBIN AIR.
6. PUMP STORAGE
7. KELAYAKAN LINGKUNGAN, SOSIAL DAN
POLITIK
==== UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER ====

BUKU BUKU REFERENSI

1. WARNICK,CC, 1984, HYDRO POWER
ENGINEERING, PRENTICE HALL INC, NEW
JERSEY.
2. DAVIS, CV; SORENSEN.KE,1970,HANDBOOK OF
APPLIED HYDRAULICS, Mc GRAW HILL.
3. DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN KMTS UGM, 1970,
BANGUNAN TENAGA AIR, YOGYAKARTA
4. ARISMUNANDAR,A DAN KUWARA,S,
1979,TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK, PRADNYA
PARAMITA, JAKARTA.

PENGERTIAN UMUM
SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR.
POTENSI TENAGA AIR DI INDONESIA DAN
DUNIA.
SISTEM MINI HIDRO DAN MICRO HIDRO.

SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR (1)

Dibagi dalam 4 (empat) fase sebagai berikut:
Sekitar 2000 tahun yg lalu sampai dengan
pertengahan abad ke 18, orang telah
menggunakan tenaga air untuk kincir air.
Manusia memakai tenaga mekanik berasal
dari tenaga hewan, tenaga air dan tenaga
manusia sendiri.

SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR (2)

Setelah orang dapat menggunakan tenaga uap
sebagai bahan penggerak tenaga, maka tenaga
uap (steam power) popular didalam pemakaian
tenaga oleh manusia. Dengan perkembangan
waktu, manusia mendapatkan tenaga dari bahan
bakar minyak (bensin, minyak diesel) untuk
membuat barang barang kebutuhan materiil.
Tenaga air pada saat itu kurang dipakai, karena
tenaga air hanya terdapat pada air yang
mempunyai tenaga yaitu debit (Q) dan head (H).
Contoh : Negeri Belanda banyak air akan tetapi
tidak punya tinggi terjun yang cukup krn letaknya
dibawah permukaan air laut.

SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR (3)

Setelah tenaga air, tenaga uap dan tenaga
minyak dapat diubah menjadi tenaga listrik
dan dapat dialirkan sampai ke jarak yang jauh
dengan jalur transmisi, maka tenaga air
menjadi sumber tenaga yang banyak diminati
terutama di Norwegia, Swedia, Germany,
Austria, Swiss, Italia dan Jepang. Akan tetapi di
Inggris dan USA kurang diperhatikan karena
disana masih banyak batubara yang menjadi
bahan bakar mesin uap.

SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR (4)

Setelah PD I, maka tenaga uap dan minyak
merupakan tenaga yang lebih sukar
dipergunakan, karena:
Buruh tak mudah lagi dipergunakan sebagai
alat produksi.
Harga bahan bakar menjadi labil, sehingga
menjadi sangat mahal.
Tenaga air yang tidak memerlukan tenaga buruh
dan bahan bakar menjadi populair kembali
terlebih lagi bangunan tenaga air dapat
digabungkan dalam suatu proyek serba guna
(multi purpose project) atau minimal dual
purpose project.

SEJARAH PEMAKAIAN TENAGA AIR (5)

Project serba guna (multi purpose project)
meliputi al:
Pembangkit tenaga listrik (murah).
Pengendalian banjir (flood control).
Pengairan (irrigation).
Air minum
Perikanan darat dan satwa liar.
Lalu lintas air (navigation)
Pengendalian kadar garam dan sedimentasi.
Pariwisata.
Penanggulangan pencemaran air.

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (1)

Pembangkitan tenaga air sangat dipengaruhi oleh
kondisi geografis, kondisi curah hujan dan daerah
aliran sungai (DAS) di daerah tersebut.
Pembangunan pembangkit tenaga air dapat
dilaksanakan di banyak daerah dengan skala
kapasitas yang bermacam macam dari skala
mikro hidro (< 100 kW), mini hidro (100 P
1000 kW) sampai dengan skala PLTA.( > 1000 kW)
Di Kanada, Norwegia dan Swedia misalnya tenaga
air merupakan sumber tenaga utama.

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (1)

Ditinjau dari luas daerah, Jepang dan Indonesia
dikarunai dengan kekayaan akan sumber sumber
air yang besar.
Untuk mengembangkan sumber sumber tenaga
air secara wajar, perlu diketahui secara jelas
potensi sumber tenaganya.
Jumlah potensi tenaga air di permukaan disebut
dengan potensi tenaga air teoritis.
Sumber sumber yg dapat dikembangkan secara
teknis disebut potensi tenaga air teknis.
Sumber sumber yg dikembangkan secara
ekonomis disebut dengan potensi tenaga air
ekonomis.

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (2)

Pada umumnya, potensi tenaga air ekonomis
dianggap sebagai potensi tenaga air.
Namun dengan perkembangan teknologi,
maka tidak ada lagi perbedaan yang jelas
diantara ketiganya.
Rasio potensi tenaga air teknis terhadap
potensi tenaga air teoritis adalah 34% sd 40%.
Rasio potensi tenaga air ekonomis terhadap
tenaga air teoritis adalah 20% sd 30%.

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (3)

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (3)

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (4)

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (5)

INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

2966
4755
BATUBARA (EKSISTING)
1149

17020
BATUBARA (RENCANA)

7911

GAS (EKSISTING)
GEOTHERMAL
15921
HIDRO
HIDRO - PUMP STORAGE (RENC)

POTENSI TENAGA AIR (6)

PEMBANGKIT HYDRO
INSTALL CAPACITY (MW)
4000
3500

3337

3000
2500
2000

1416

1500
1000
500
0
PT PLN

IPP

NATIONAL POLICIES ON NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

President Regulation No. 5/2006, Contribution of renewable in 2025 : 17% (boosted

by vision of 25 % in 2025 (25/25)
President Decree No. 4/2010 : Assignment to PT. PLN to Accelerate Power Plant
Development Using Renewable Energy, Coal and Gas (10,000 MW Fast TrackLNG
Programs
II).
Gas
MoEMR Regulation No. 15/2010 : List of Accelerated Development of Power Plant
project using Renewable Energy, Coal and Gas as well as Related Transmission where
the portion of energy generated from Geothermal Power Plants 40 % and Hydro
Power Plants 12 %
Coal
MoEMR Regulation No. 2/2011 : Assignment to PLN to purchase electricity from
geothermal power plant and its ceilings price
HSD
MFO
MoF Regulation No. 139/2011 : Guarantee for PLNs Viability for IPP Project included in
FTP II
MoEMR Regulation No. 002/2006 : Procedure on Medium Scale of Renewable
Energy
Geothermal
Development Business.
Hydro

18

18

PLN POLICIES : LONG TERM ELECTRICITY SUPPLY PLANNING (2010-2019)

Projection of electricity growth of 9,2 % per annum for upcoming decade

Electrification ratio increases from 68 % in 2010 to 91 % in 2019
Fossil Fuel Consumption Reduction Program from 13% (2010) to 3 % started in 2013 and
LNG
the increase of renewable portion in the energy mixture from 12 % (2010)
to 19 %
(2019)
Gas
Still dominated by Coal Fired Power Plants (CFPP) program, about 60 %.
The development of renewable energy especially Geothermal and Hydro Power Plant
and also small scale renewable energy currently is not based on least cost but on the
readiness of the scheme.
Coal
Reserve Margin (RM) 40% and 35% for out of Jawa-Bali and for Jawa-Bali respectively

Development
of diesel
power plant is only to support system at peak load, covering
HSD
MFO
remaining load share from more efficient peakers such as pumped storage, HEPPreservoir or Open Cycle Gas Fired Power Plant
Geothermal

19

19

GENERATION CAPACITY (TYPE AND OWNERSHIP)

Existing Total Capacity 29,373 MW (2009)

3,127

Coal STPP

8,420
695

Geothermal

400
3

Micro HEPP

56
285

CCPP

7,027
290

GTPP

2,745
60

Diesel PP

2,678
150

HEPP

3,438
-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

IPP (MW)

20

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

PLN (MW)

20

RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

NO

RENEWABLE
TYPE

POTENCY

INSTALLED
CAPACITY

ADDITIONAL
CAPACITY
PROGRAM
(2010-2019)

Hydro power

75.670 MW

5.705 MW

5140 MW

Geothermal

29.038 MW

1.189 MW

5990 MW

Mini/Micro Hydro

769 MW

218 MW

267 MW

Biomass

49.810 MW

445 MW

184 MW

Solar power

4,80
kWh/m2/day

13,5 MW

187 MW

Wind power

3 6 m/s (9.290
MW)

1,87 MW

74 MW

Source : RIPEBAT 2010-2025 updated from multiple sources and RUPTL

2010-2019
21

NATIONAL INSTALLED CAPACITY AND ENERGY PRODUCTION) PROJECTION

National Installed Capacity Projection (MW)

National Energy Production (GWh)

140,000

700,000

120,000

600,000

100,000

500,000

80,000

400,000

60,000

300,000

40,000

200,000

20,000

100,000

2010
CFPP

22

2015
CCPP

GTPP

2020
DIPP

HEPP

GeoPP

2025
NPP

2010
Coal

Gas

2015
LNG

Oil

2020
Hydro

Geothermal

2025
Nuclear

22

DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF POWER GENERATION CAPACITY

(INCL. GREEN & NEW ENERGY DEVELOPMENT)
Tahun

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Total

PLN
Coal STPP

3,291

4,090

834

1,479

2,203

Comb. Cy. PP

194

820

393

350

240

Gas TPP

105

225

50

110

1,200

200

700

1,500

2,250

6,447

65

235

800

1,065

1,280

3,825

3,007

16,421

Diesel PP

11

14

12

48

44

42

34

16

33

50

303

Geo. PP

10

55

78

143

203

20

23

20

20

575

Mini HEPP

14

14

10

300

1,000

65

103

715

1,311

818

4,321

HEPP

Total PLN

3,625

4,985

1,558

2,384

3,698

306

2,299

3,242

4,686

5,175

31,958

26

891

2,649

1,703

2,212

2,160

2,550

1,930

1,410

745

16,276

290

110

30

120

550

10

10

80

100

178

857

330

392

IPP
Coal STPP
Comb. Cy. PP
Gas TPP
Diesel PP
Geo. PP
Mini HEPP
HEPP

Total IPP

66

22
-

25

31

180

195

91

531

1,262

3,028

2,450

42

50

510

90

310

30

2,601

4,945

2,302

3,191

2,353

1,921

1,390

23,525

2,270

3,750

2,130

1,417

3,752

32,697

700

1,500

2,250

6,997

65

235

800

1,065

1,280

3,925

22
5,415

157

645
-

201
962

PLN+IPP
Coal STPP

3,317

4,981

3,483

3,182

4,415

Comb. Cy. PP

484

930

423

350

360

Gas TPP

115

10

305

50

Diesel PP

11

36

12

48

44

42

34

16

33

50

325

Geo. PP

10

58

256

1,000

2,653

70

353

395

530

665

5,990

Mini-Hydro PP

39

38

98

56

13

Hydro Electric PP

180

195

10

300

1,157

155

413

745

1,311

818

5,283

Total PLN+IPP

4,156

6,248

4,586

4,985

8,643

2,608

5,490

5,596

6,607

6,565

55,484

58

57

90

155

191

208

217

222

242

263

1,703

SMALL SCALE
GREEN & NEW
ENERGY PP

267

Total Capacity of Green & New Energy PP to be built in the period is 11,540 MW
(total capacity of Geothermal PPs, Hydro Electric PPs-HEPP, Mini HEPPs, and Small Scale Green & New Energy PP)
57% of the total capacity of Green Energy PP will be expected from IPPs
23

23

NEW ADDITION OF GENERATION CAPACITY FOR INDONESIA

9.000

8.643

Total : 55.484 MW

8.000
7.000

6.248
6.000

5.490

5.596

2016

2017

6.607

6.565

2018

2019

4.985

5.000

4.586
4.156

MW
4.000
3.000

2.608

2.000
1.000
2010

2011

PLTU
COAL

24

2012

PLTP
GEOTHERMAL

2013

2014

PLTGU
GAS /CC

2015

PLTG
GAS/OC

PLTD
FUEL OIL

PLTA

HYDRO

24

FUEL MIX INDONESIA 2010-2019

0%

100%

7%

13%

90%
3%

80%
70%

0%

3%

0%
4.8%
2.0%
3%

0%
2%
0%
2%

0%
2%
0%
2%

0%
2%
0%
3%

0%
2%
0%
4%

0%
2%
0%
4%

24%

22%

19%

20%

18%

54%

56%

57%

56%

58%

12%

13%

13%

13%

13%

13%

0%
3%
1%
2%

0%
3%
0%
2%

0%
25%

28%

29%

26%

25%

60%
50%
51%

40%

51%

54%

52%

6%

6%

6%

9%

6%

6%

5%

5%

5%

4%

4%

4%

4%

4%

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Nuklir

Batubara

MFO

HSD

46%

30%
20%
10%
0%

Hydro

25

Geothermal

Gas

LNG

Pumped Storage

25

ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANT

DEVELOPMENT YEAR 2011 - 2020
DEVELOPM ENT OF RENEWABLE BASED POWER PLANT - ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
( RUPTL YEAR 2010 - 2019 )
TYPE OF POWER
PLANT

No
1
2
3
4
5

Solar
Wind
Biomass
Sea
Bio-fuel
TOTAL

Stn

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

MWp
2
5
5
10
15
MW
0
5
5
8
8
MW
4
10
10
10
10
MW
0.0
0.0
0.2 0.3 0.5
MW
0.0
0.5
2
2
2
MW

21

22

30

36

YEAR
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 TOTAL
30
30
30
30
30
187
8
10
10
10
10
74
25
25
25
25
40
184
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5
10
3
5
5
10
10
40
67

72

72

77

93

495

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE BASED POWER PLANT - ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

( PROPOSED REVISION FOR RUPTL YEAR 2011 - 2020 )
No TYPE OF POWER PLANT
1
2
3
4
5

Solar
Wind
Biomass
Sea
Bio-fuel
TOTAL

26

Stn
MWp
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW

2011 2012 2013 2014

20
40
50
60
5
15
15
15
16
33
35
35
0
0
12
56
60
80
53

144

160

190

2015
70
15
35
1
80
201

YEAR
2016 2017 2018 2019
70
75
75
80
15
20
20
25
40
40
45
45
1
2
2
2
90
90
95
95
216

227

237

247

2020
80
25
50
3
100

TOTAL
620
170
374
10
758

258

1,932

26

PROJECTION OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY FROM HYDRO 2010 AND 2019

5,6 TWh
3,5 TWh

IB : 6%

5,0 TWh
1,0 TWh

IT : 40%
5,3 TWh

7,1 TWh

JB : 3,4%

National electricity supply from hydro was 9.771 GWh (2010) to become 17.655
GWh (2019) with growth approximately 8,1 % per annum (Source: RUPTL 20102019)

27

27

PROJECTION OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY FROM GEOTHERMAL 2010 AND 2019

11,6 TWh
0.06 TWh

IB : 68%

2,8TWh
0,44 TWh

IT : 20%
35,3 TWh
9,8 TWh

JB : 14%

National electricity supply from geothermal was 10.318 GWh (2010) to become
49.835 GWh (2019) with growth approximately 17 % per annum (Source: RUPTL
2010-2019)

28

28

SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM

29

29

PPA FOR LARGE SCALE RENEWABLE IPPs (> 10 MW)

Regulation:
IPP regulation : Law 15/85, Law 30/2009, Government Regulation 10/1985,
Government Regulation 3/2005, Government Regulation 26/2006 and MoEMR
Decree 04/2007
Additional for Geothermal only : MoEMR Regulation No. 2/2011
LNG
Special for FTP II project : MoF Regulation No. 139/2011 Guarantee for
PLNs
Gas
Viability

PPA or ESC standard has been available and part of RFP document
Procurement Procedure: B2B including tariff (only geothermal FTP II max. 9,7 c USD/kWH
Coal
accepted as a result of tender WKP)
Terms and conditions of ESC/PPA standard :
a. Capacity as required by system
HSD
MFO
b. Capacity Factor as TOP/DOP : 85% 95%
c. Tariff B2B except Geothermal FTO II based on WKP tender with result < 9.7 cent
USD/kWh
d. Tariff will be escalated based on agreed formula or Tender Formula Geothermal
Hydro
e. Contract period of 30 years
f. Government guarantee for PLNs viability (only FTP II)
g. Transmission network prepared by developer or PLN

30

30

PPA FOR SMALL SCALE RENEWABLE IPPs (< 10 MW)

Regulation:
IPP regulation : Law 15/85, Law 30/2009, Government Regulation 10/1985,
Government Regulation 3/2005, Government Regulation 26/2006 and MoEMR
Decree 04/2007
Tariff : MoEMR Decree no.31/2009, as a feed in tariff - FIT:
LNG
- 7,5 c USD /kWh (connected to MV)
Gas
- 11.5 c USD /kWh (connected to LV)
- Incentive factor : 1.2 1.5 for Outside Jawa
- B2B approach for tariff higher than above FIT tariff.

PPA standard has been available

Terms and conditions of ESC/PPA standard :
a. Capacity as it is
HSD
MFO
b. Not considered TOP/DOP
c. Feed in tariff (B2B approach for tariff higher than above FIT tariff)
d. Flat Tariff without escalation
e. Contract period of min.15 years with possibly extended
f. Transmission network prepared by developer.
31

Coal

Geothermal
Hydro

31

HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Capacit
y (MW)

Target COD

LNG

201
1

201
2

201
3

201
4

201
5

201
6

201
7

201
8

Gas 202
201
9
0

RUPTL 2010 - 2019

5578

282

63

136

545

545

989

357

911

101
8

Additional
Proposed RUPTL

4945

28

41

166

435

235

501

329

929

105
Coal 490
7

10523
MFO

310

104

302

979

779

149
0

686

184
0

207
5

Revised RUPTL
HSD
2011 - 2020

734

122
4

Geothermal
Hydro

32

32