Paths to 3D PIV

Through 2D Recording
Scanning

Multiple Projection
Digital
Image
Processor

Stroboscope

Through 3D Recording
Holography

Principle of HPIV
Recording

Laser
Pulse

Reconstruction
Laser
Beam

8ns

CCD

Interrogation
camera

Hologram
3D flow seeded with particles

Holocine (time resolved)

t1

t2

t3

Double Exposure
t1 t1+ Dt

t2 t2+ Dt

Displacement
Velocity

Advantage of holography
True 3D imaging
Instantaneous Volumetric
High Information Capacity
(106 - 109 Particles)
Real-Time Recording but Off-line Data Transfer
& Processing

How to get true 3D imaging?

Phase Preservation
O=Oexp[i(f-wt)]
or: O=Osin(f-wt)
How to record f?
Any light sensitive media records intensity
I=|O|2 =O2
Need to encode phase f into some intensity
modulation

Encoding Phase

-- Use interference of coherent light!

E

Reference wave

O
Object wave

where R = R exp[i(j-wt)] , O=Oexp[i(f-wt)]

Recorded Intensity:
I=|R+O|2 = R2 + O2 +2ROsin(f-j)

Principle of Holography
O

I =|R+O|2 = R2 + O2 +2ROsin(f-j)

Object

0
q

I =(R+O)(R+O)*
= R2 + O2 + R*O+RO*

Hologram

Recording
Virtual Image

O*

Real Image
0
q

Usually R= exp(-iwt)
T ~ 1 + O2 + O + O*

z
Hologram

Reconstruction

T ~ R2 + O2 + R*O+RO*

Experimental Demonstration

Reference beam, object beam

Virtual, real image
*Transmission or Reflection Hologram?

Setup Considerations:
Coherence length vs. path length difference
Exposure energy: In the linear range
R:O ratio

Transmission or Reflection Hologram

Transmission hologram
created by 2 plane waves
traveling towards the same
side

Reflection hologram
created by 2 plane waves
traveling towards opposite
sides
(Volume Hologram)

Reflection Hologram

Bragg Condition

2dsinq=ml

In-line (Gabor) Holography

Traditional for particle fields

Reference wave

Simple geometry
Low coherence &
energy requirement

LASER

Speckle noise
(limit seeding density
& seeding depth)
Large depth of focus
(practically only 2D
vectors)

Object wave
Viral Image Real Image
LASER

Speckle Noise (in-line hologram)

Ok = S ok= Sk exp(ifk) : Random Walk

Reconstruction field of an in-line hologram for an ensemble of

particles: B + S ok+ S o*k
Type-I speckle -- interference between B and the scattered
waves Major Source of Speckle
Type-II speckle -- self-interference of the scattered waves.

Speckle noise: decrease Signal-toNoise Ratio

1 particle /mm3

6 particles /mm3

40 particles /mm3

Off-Axis Holography as Solution

In-Line HPIV:
Virtual
Image

Hologram
Reference
Beam

Hologram

Real
Image

Reference
Beam

Intrinsic Speckle Noise

Lower Seeding Density

Reconstruction

Recording
In-line HPIV

Reference
Beam

Reference
Beam

Hologram

Illuminating
Beam

Recording

Virtual
Image

Hologram
Off-axis HPIV

Reconstruction

Simple Geometry
Lower Coherence Required

Real
Image

Off-axis HPIV:
Higher SNR
Higher Seeding Density
Complex Geometry
Higher Coherence Required

IROV - In-line Recording Off-axis

Viewing Holography
Hologram
Referenc e
Beam

Virtual
Hologram
Im age

Real
Im age

Conventional
In-line

Referenc e
Beam

Recording

Reconstruction

IROV

IROV: Use side scattering

Suppresses speckle noise
Reduces image depth of focus
Meng & Hussain (1995): Appl. Opt. 34, 1827

Making In-line based

HPIV feasible

IROV Experimental Setup

Recording

Reconstruction

Use of High-Frequency Fringes on In-Line

Holograms

Negligible influence
of forward scattering:
Since |OL| << |R|,
IL << I sig

IROV suppresses speckle noise

Reconstruction field of an in-line hologram for an ensemble of

particles: B + S ok+ S o*k
Completely avoids type-I
speckle
greatly reduces type-II
speckle

Off-axis Viewing: receives only S o*k

Improved SNR by IROV

In-line Viewed

IROV

Reduction of Depth of Focus by IROV

+100 mm

In focus

-100 mm

0 degree

20 degree

In-line: Fraunhofer diffraction

Proof of Principle Experiment

IROV Measurement of a Vortex Ring

Post Processing

IROV Data Processing:

Genetic Algorithm Particle Pairing

Pi - Pi
Vii
, Pi x, y, z R3
t2 - t1

Interrogation Cell
4
3

3
4
2
5

1
7

Low density requires

intelligent pairing
GA searches large
solution space

Genetic Algorithm
Particle Pairing

Why Genetic Algorithm?

Many possibilities to pair particles
Need to numerate and filter

Large solution space

Conventional searching
methods
Computation intensive
Difficult to incorporate
intelligence
Time consuming

Genetic Algorithm
Efficient in searching large space
Built-in intelligence to follow fluid
dynamics
Fast and inherent parallel processing
speed

Two Approaches of HPIV

Developed at LFD
Off-axis HPIV
high-end

In-line (IROV) HPIV

low-cost

Digital In-line Holography

Dual-Reference Off-Axis Technique

High Seeding Density Allowed
Small Depth of Focus
Image Separation Removes
Direction Ambiguity
Complex Optical Geometry
High Energy Laser Required
High Coherence of Beam
Needed

Gemini Off-axis HPIV System

HEM

Reference 2 Beam Expander

3D Traverse
System

Reference 1

Mirror

Beam Expander

Reference 1

HEM

PBS

PBS

Variable Beam Splitter HEM

WP

HEM

BS

BS

HEM HEM HEM HEM

Beam Handling Unit

Dumper

Motion
Controller

Shutter 2

PCI Bus

HEM

200MHz
Pentium Pro
Processor

Beam Expander

Illuminating Beam

Motor
Driver

Digital Image
Framegrabber

Variable Beam Splitter HEM

WP

HEM

Digital
Camera

Holographic
Reconstruction
Unit

Holographic Exposure Unit

Illuminating Beam

Reconstructed
Particle
Image

HEM

Beam Expander

Mirror

Hologram

Shutter 1

Synchronizer

Shutter 2

Digital
Delay
Generator

Hologram

Particle
Field
(Vortex)

Reference 2

Shutter 1

Mirror

Beam Expander

Dual Seeded YAG

Laser (PIV-400)

PBS

Mirror

Dual Seeded YAG

Laser (PIV-400)

PBS

Dumper

WP

HEM

WP
BS

BS

HEM HEM HEM HEM

Beam Handling Unit

Hard
Disk

64MB
Memory

Concise Cross Correlation

(CCC) Algorithm

Matching by particle groups

Uses particle centroids only
Group shifting for matching
Decomposition of operation
Low data volume / high
compression rate
High-speed processing

System Test Flow

- Excited Air Jet
Beam Expander
Dual Seeded
YAG Laser
(PIV-400)

Digital Delay
Generator

PLL
Vaiable
Delayer

Object
Beam Vortex

Droplet-seeded
Injection Air Flow
Frequency
Multiplier
Waveform
Shaper

Vortex Synchronizer

Speaker/
Exciter
Power
Amplifier

Phase-Locked Vortex

Side View

Top View

Vorticity

Vorticity Iso-surface
Y

To be re-made
Z

30
00
25
00
20
00
15
00
10
00
50
0
0

0
50

50

0
10

10

00
15

15

00

20

20

00
0
25

25

0
30

00

30
00

00

00

00

00

HPIV Measurement of Tab Wake

Vortab Flow: HPIV Measurement Result

Amount of Data:
400,000 Vectors
Mean Velocity:
16.67 cm/sec.

Vortab Flow: Vorticity Iso-Surfaces

Fundamental Challenges
Hologram captures 3D instantly

HPIV =
3D Information
Transfer & Processing

Turbulent
Flow Field

Flow Field
Reconstruction

3D Signal Decoding
Complex Flow Mapping
Large Data Quantity
User-friendly?

Holographic
Flow Visualization
a Tool for Studying 3D
Coherent Structures and Instabilities
Kansas State University, ISSI,
Wright Laboratory, WP/AFB

Off-Axis HFV of Vortex Flame

(a)
Holographic Images of
Three Vortex-Flame
Systems Photographed
from Two Angles (a)
or Using Two
Magnifications (b and
c).

(b)

(c)

IROV HFV of Turbulent Milk Drop

Holographic Images of A Milk Drop Undergoing Bag Instability (a, b)

a

Holographic Images of A Turbulent Milk Drop (a) and Its Downstream Breakdown (b, c)

Naturally, HPIV is an ideal

diagnostic tool for studying
particulate phase
- 3D and dynamically