(55%)
(42%)
Phospholipids (25%)
Cholesterol
(13%)
Other lipids
(4 %)
3. Carbohydrates
(3 %)
Phospholipids
present
in
cells
membrane
A and P I / Essentials
1.
2.
Soluble
Particles
Particles
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Soluble
Passive transport
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
a. Voltage gated channels
b. Legend gated channeles
Active transport
1-Primary active
transport
2-Secondary
active transport
Passive transport
Substances pass through the membranes according to
their concentration gradient from higher concentration
to lower concentration (Downhill)
Water-soluble and charged substances pass through
protein channel of the membrane
A-voltage gated channel open when there is an electric
impulse. Ex Na channel
Legend gated channel open when specific ligand bind to
receptor on the gate ex. Ach. At the neuromuscular
junction
Passive transport is of two types:-
1-Simple diffusion:
them
from
or too
2-Facilitated Diffusion
1. Diffusion of a uncharged molecules through the
membrane via a carrier protein It may be Uniport .ex
glucose transport in the basolateral border of the
intestinal epithelium
2. Co-transport Symport or co-transport as the transport of
Na and glucose in the same direction from intestinal
lumen to the cells
3. Counter transport Antiport or counter-transport the
carrier protein transport two solutes through the
membrane in the opposite direction
4. Proteins act as carriers or pores permit flux of substances
that cannot diffuse directly through the membrane.
5. Movement is still passive i.e from high concentration to
low
6. Occurs across cell membranes only
7. Related substances can compete for the same carrier or
pore .
EXAMPLES:
Each protein
channel or
protein carrier
will allow only
ONE TYPE OF
MOLECULE to
pass through it.
Facilitated Diffusion
Active transport
1.
1.
Co-transport
Co-transport
Processes that utilize a favorable gradient for one compound to
drive the uptake of a second compound. Sodium-glucose cotransport across apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells is one
example, accumulating Glucose in cell against its concentration
gradient
Glucose import from intestine made possible by Na+-K+ ATPase
which generates/maintains both high Na+ concentration outside
cell and charge gradient (electrical potential) that both favor Na+
import through Na+-glucose symporter. Permits epithelial cells to
concentrate glucose from intestine to 30,000x
this intestinal concentration Resulting in high concentration of
glucose within cell passes "down" its concentration gradient
through basal surface of cell into blood via GluT2 transporter
(facilitated diffusion, uniport system).
O2,
N2
Nonpolar
Benzene
H2O, Urea,
glycerol, CO2
Large uncharged
Glucose
Polar molecules
Sucrose
Ions (charged)
35
Particles
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
To cross the
membrane, water
must move
through a protein
ion channel.
In certain cellular
conditions, these
protein channels
can be opened or
Oncotic pressure
The osmotic pressure produced due to the
presence of the colloidal substance (plasma
proteins) in the blood.
It is also called colloidal osmotic pressure and
it equals about 25 mm Hg.