Kinetic energy
Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.
A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system
boundaries are all associated with work interactions
Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are
positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative.
Alternative to sign convention is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate direction.
Power is the
work done per
unit time (kW)
If there is no movement,
no work is done.
9
Shaft
work
The power transmitted through the shaft is
the shaft work done per unit time
10
Wsh 2 nT 2
200
N
min
60s 1000 N m
83.8kW
11
Elongation
of a spring
under the
influence of
a force.
0.03m 02
2
0.135kN m
2
1kJ
0.135kN m
0.135kJ
1kN m
13
dA 2b dx
F 2b s
Solid bars
behave as
springs under
the influence
of a force.
14
15
1kJ
1
km
1h
1000m
1N
800kg 100
0
309kJ
2
2
h 3600s 1km
1000 N m 1kg m / s
16
17
Power required is the sum of the rates of changes in potential and kinetic energies
Wtotal Wa Wg
(a) zero
(b) Wa 0
z
mgV sin 30o
t
50000m 1kJ kg
1200kg 9.81m s 2
0.5 81.7kW
2
2
3600
s
1000
m
s
Wtotal Wg mg z2 z1 t mg
(c) Wg 0
Wtotal
90000m 2
1kJ kg
1
1
2
2
Wa m V2 V1 t 1200kg
0
2
2
3600s
2
2
1000
m
s
12s 31.3kW
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19
Electrical work
N = electrical charge flow
Electrical power
Energy
cannot be
created or
destroyed; it
can only
change
forms.
The work
(electrical) done
on an adiabatic
system is equal to
the increase in the
energy of the
system.
22
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during
a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and
the total energy leaving the system during that process.
23
24
Heat transfer, Q
Work transfer, W
Mass flow, m
25
For a cycle E = 0,
thus Q = W.
PREPARED BY:
NORASMAH MOHAMMED MANSHOR
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, UiTM SHAH ALAM.
0192368303/0355436333
norasmah@salam.uitm.edu.my
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