Dmitri Popov, PhD, Advanced Medical

Technology and Systems Inc. , Canada.

intervaccine@gmail.com
Maliev Slava, Professor, Vladicaucasian
Research Center of Russian Academy of
Science.
niobiot@mail.ru

Key Words:
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species.
Neutrophils.
Macrophages.
Innate Immunity.
Adaptive Iimmunity.
Na Cl O Sodium Hypochlorite.

ROS Reactive Oxygen Species.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically
reactive molecules containing oxygen.
Examples include oxygen ions and peroxides.
ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the
normal metabolism of oxygen and have
important roles in cell
signaling and homeostasis.

Treatment of acute severe deadly infections

diseases (Plague, Ebola, SARS Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome , MERS Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome) with I/V solutions
with Reactive Oxygen Species ( Sodium
Hypochlorite).

Plague is primarily a disease of rodents and

their fleas, which can infect humans. It is
transmitted between rodents by rodent fleas,
and can be transmitted to people when infected
rodent fleas bite them.
As with many primarily zoo-notic diseases,
plague is a very severe disease in people, with
case fatality rates of 50-60% if left untreated.
[WHO ]

Objective:
Biological Weapon remain most dangerous threat in
the world.
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional
release or dissemination of biological agents. These
agents are bacteria,viruses, or toxins, and may be in a
naturally occurring or a human-modified form. For the
use of this method in warfare, seebiological warfare.
The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has
developed consensus based
recommendations for measures to be taken by medical
and public health professionals following the use of
plague as a biological weapon against a civilian
population.

A biological weapon is useful

to terrorists mainly as a method of creating
mass panic and disruption to a state or a
country.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism

Under current United States law, bio-agents which

have been declared by the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services or the U.S. Department of
Agriculture to have the "potential to pose a severe
threat to public health and safety" are officially defined
as "select agents". The CDC categorizes these agents (A,
B or C) and administers the Select Agent Program,
which regulates the laboratories which may possess,
use, or transfer select agents within the United States.
As with US attempts to categorize harmful recreational
drugs, designer viruses are not yet categorized and
avian H5N1 has been shown to achieve high mortality
and human-communication in a laboratory setting.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism#Category
_A

Bubonic plague. Plague is a disease caused by

the Yersinia pestis bacterium. Rodents are the normal
host of plague, and the disease is transmitted to
humans by flea bites and occasionally by aerosol in the
form of pneumonic plague. The disease has a history of
use in biological warfare dating back many centuries,
and is considered a threat due to its ease of culture and
ability to remain in circulation among local rodents for
a long period of time. The weaponized threat comes
mainly in the form of pneumonic plague (infection by
inhalation). It was the disease that caused the Black
Death in Medieval Europe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism#Category
_A

Category A
These high-priority agents pose a risk to
national security, can be easily transmitted and
disseminated, result in high mortality, have
potential major public health impact, may
cause public panic, or require special action for
public health preparedness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism#C
ategory_A

An aerosolized plague weapon could cause fever,

cough, chest pain,
and hemoptysis with signs consistent with severe
pneumonia 1 to 6 days after exposure.
Rapid evolution of disease would occur in the 2 to 4
days after symptom onset
and would lead to septic shock with high mortality
without early treatment. Early treatment
and prophylaxis with streptomycin or gentamicin or
the tetracycline or fluoroquinolone
classes of antimicrobials would be advised.
JAMA. 2000;283:2281-2290 www.jama.com
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Plague Following Use of a Biological Weapon

The epidemiology of plague following its use as a biological
weapon would differ substantially from that of naturally
occurring infection.
Intentional dissemination of plague would most probably occur
via an aerosol of Y pestis, a mechanism that has been shown to
produce disease in nonhuman primates.
A pneumonic plague outbreak would result with symptoms
initially resembling those of other severe respiratory illnesses.
The size of the outbreak would depend on factors including the
quantity of biological agent used, characteristics of the strain,
environmental conditions, and methods of aerosolization.
Symptoms would begin to occur 1 to 6 days following exposure,
and people would die quickly following onset of symptoms.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

The bacteria migrate through cutaneo-lymphatics to

regional lymph nodes where they are phagocytosed
but resist destruction.
They rapidly multiply causing destruction and
necrosis of lymph node architecture with subsequent
bacteremia, septicemia, and endotoxemia can lead
quickly to shock, disseminated intravascular
coagulation, and coma.
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds.
Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.
NewYork, NY: Churchill
Livingstone; 1995:2070-2078
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Patients typically develop symptoms

of bubonic plague 2 to 8 days after being
bitten by an infected flea. There is sudden
onset of fever, chills, and weakness
and the development of an acutely swollen
tender lymph node, or bubo, up to
1 day later.
Campbell GL, Dennis DT. Plague and other
Yersinia infections. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher
KJ, et al, eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal
Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998:
975983http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

The bubo most typically

develops in the groin, axilla, or cervical
Region and is often so painful
that it prevents patients from moving
the affected area of the body. Buboes
are 1 to 10 cm in diameter, and the overlying
skin is erythematous.
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and
Practice of Infectious Diseases.NewYork, NY: Churchill
Livingstone; 1995:2070-2078

Septicemic plague may lead to disseminated

intravascular coagulation, necrosis of
small vessels, and purpuric skin lesions.
Gangrene of regions such as the digits and
nose may also occur
in advanced disease, a process believed
responsible for the name black death in the
second plague pandemic.

Secondary pneumonic plague develops

in a minority of patients with bubonic or primary
septicemic plague. This process, termed secondary
pneumonic plague, develops via hematogenous
spread of plague bacilli to the lungs. Patients
commonly have symptoms of severe
bronchopneumonia, chest pain, dyspnea, cough,
and hemoptysis.
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and
Practice of Infectious Diseases.NewYork, NY: Churchill
Livingstone; 1995:2070-2078

Plague Following Use of a Biological Weapon

The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of plague
following a biological attack would be notably different than
naturally occurring plague. Inhaled aerosolized Y pestis
bacilli would cause primary pneumonic plague. The time
from exposure to aerosolized plague bacilli until
development of first symptoms in humans and nonhuman
primates has been found to be 1 to 6 days and most often, 2
to 4 days.
The first sign of illness would be expected to be fever with
cough and dyspnea, sometimes with the production
of bloody, watery, or less commonly, purulent sputum.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Prominent gastrointestinal symptoms, including

nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea,
might be present. The ensuing clinical findings of
primary pneumonic plague are similar to those of
any severe rapidly progressive pneumonia and are
quite similar to those of secondary pneumonic
plague. Clinical-pathological features may help
distinguish primary from secondary pneumonic
plague.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.
pdf

In contrast to secondary pneumonic plague,

features of primary pneumonic plague
would include absence of buboes (except,
rarely, cervical buboes) and, on
pathologic examination, pulmonary disease
with areas of profound lobular exudation
and bacillary aggregation.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consen
sus.pdf

Laboratory studies may reveal leukocytosis

with toxic granulations, coagulation
abnormalities, aminotransferase elevations,
azotemia, and other evidence of multiorgan
failure. All are nonspecific findings associated with
sepsis and systemic inflammatory response
syndrome. The time from respiratory exposure to
death in humans is reported to have been between
2 to 6 days in epidemics during the pre-antibiotic
era, with a mean of 2 to 4 days in most epidemics.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.
pdf

Diagnosis of Pneumonic Plague Infection Following

Use of a Biological Weapon
Epidemiology and symptoms
Sudden appearance of many persons with fever,
cough, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, and chest pain
Gastrointestinal symptoms common (eg, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea)
Patients have fulminant course and high mortality
Clinical signs: Tachypnea, dyspnea, and cyanosis
Pneumonic consolidation on chest examination
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Sepsis, shock, and organ failure

Infrequent presence of cervical bubo
(Purpuric skin lesions and necrotic digits only in advanced
disease)
Laboratory studies Sputum, blood, or lymph node aspirate
Gram-negative bacilli with bipolar (safety pin) staining on Wright,
Giemsa, or
Wayson stain
Rapid diagnostic tests available only at some health departments,
the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, and military laboratories
Pulmonary infiltrates or consolidation on chest radiograph
Pathology Lobular exudation, bacillary aggregation, and areas of
necrosis in pulmonary
Parenchyma
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Working Group Recommendations for Treatment of Patients With

Pneumonic
Plague in the Contained and Mass Casualty Settings and for Postexposure Prophylaxis*
Patient Category Recommended Therapy
Contained Casualty Setting
Adults Preferred choices
Streptomycin, 1 g IM twice daily
Gentamicin, 5 mg/kg IM or IV once daily or 2 mg/kg loading dose
followed
by 1.7 mg/kg IM or IV 3 times daily
Alternative choices
Doxycycline, 100 mg IV twice daily or 200 mg IV once daily
Ciprofloxacin, 400 mg IV twice daily
Chloramphenicol, 25 mg/kg IV 4 times daily
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf

Mass Casualty Setting and Postexposure

Prophylaxis.
Adults Preferred choices
Doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice daily
Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg orally twice daily
Alternative choice
Chloramphenicol, 25 mg/kg orally 4 times
daily
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consen
sus.pdf

Plague BIOLOGICAL WEAPON.

Can be resistant to any form of antibiotics.

Plague treatment with Na Cl O.

: ,

, , , , .
Method of treatment with Sodium hypochlorite
currently in use in medical practice for treatment
of different forms of Viral Infections - Viral
hepatitis; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that
causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS); different forms of herpes.
Can we use this method for Plague treatment?

Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades

to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans,
but it has not been clear why they work.
According to work published by researchers at
the Stanford University School of Medicine in
November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution
of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful
in treating skin damage with
an inflammatory component caused
by radiation therapy, excess sun exposure or
aging in laboratory mice.

Sodium hypochlorite solution for intravenous

infusions was produced by electrolysis with device
for electrochemical method of elaboration from
NaCl isotonic (0,89%) solution.
200400 ml of 002 %-0,03% sodium hypochlorite
solution usually administered drop-by-drop into
an the median cubital vein (or median basilic
vein) is a superficial vein of the upper limb vein at
the rate of 30-40 drops per minute. A course of
treatment included 20 procedures 1-3 procedures
every 24 hours (depended on severity of diseases).

Plague: Treatment with Na Cl O, IV, endolymphatic.

( N 418
13.04.91).
Approved by National Pharmaceutical
Department. Ministry of Public Health. Russia.

Advantages & disadvantages.

1. Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical
compound with the formula Na Cl O - well
known disinectant preparation and used for
destruction of viruses and bacteria on external
surfaces.
2. Sodium hypochlorite is a Disinfectant.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant

Advantages & disadvantages.

Approved by National Pharmaceutical
Department. Ministry of Public Health. Russia.
Method can be used for medical management
for millions acutely and severe ill people in
short time.
Method already used in clinical conditions for
treatment patients with viral hepatitis and
intoxication with chemical and biological
toxins.

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living

objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.
Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially
resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an
extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
Disinfectants are different from other antimicrobial agents such
as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body,
and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue.
Disinfectants are also different from biocides the latter are intended to
destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by
destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with the metabolism.
Bacterial endospores are most resistant to disinfectants, but some viruses
and bacteria also possess some tolerance.
Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens,
and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Oxidizing_agents

Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell

membrane of microorganisms, which results in
a loss of structure and leads to cell lysis and
death. A large number of disinfectants operate
in this way. Chlorine and oxygen are strong
oxidizers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#O
xidizing_agents

Sodium hypochlorite is very commonly used. Common

household bleach is a sodium hypochlorite solution
and is used in the home to disinfect different surfaces.
In more dilute form, it is used in swimming pools, and
in still more dilute form, it is used in drinking water.
When pools and drinking water are said to be
chlorinated, it is actually sodium hypochlorite or a
related compoundnot pure chlorinethat is being
used. Chlorine partly reacts with proteinaceous liquids
such as blood to form non-oxidizing N-chloro
compounds, and thus higher concentrations must be
used if disinfecting surfaces after blood spills.
In more diluted and ionized form can be used for I/V
administration and treatment for deadly, severe form
of viral or bacterial infection.

Electrolyzed water or "Anolyte" is an oxidizing,

acidic hypochlorite solution made
by electrolysis of sodium chloride into sodium
hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid. Anolyte
has an oxidation-reduction potential of +600 to
+1200 mV and a typical pH range of 3.58.5,
but the most potent solution is produced at a
controlled pH 5.06.3 where the predominant
oxychlorine species is hypochlorous acid.

A method of treating acute generalized Plague

comprising performing medical treatment ,
wherein the treatment consists in IV or endolymphatic administration of an aqueous
solution of sodium hypochlorite.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical

compound with the formula NaClO.
It is composed of
a sodium cation
(Na+) and a hypochlorite anion (ClO); it may
also be viewed as the
sodium salt of hypochlorous acid.

A new effective method of countermeasure

against biological weapons, antiviral treatment
of acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C and
against other viral diseases was used in
medical practice in hospitals.
Research show this method as effective method
against severe viral infections, warfare, and
outbreak infections, Biological warfare,
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

Equipment: Mobile and Industrial.

Cost effective, Simple, Effective Therapy.
http://iadt.siemens.ru/assets/files/news/OS
EC.pdf
http://www.niitop.ru/site.aspx?IID=2139510
&SECTIONID=2074568

http://carakurt.narod.ru/hipohlorit_Na.htm
http://www.naclo.ru/opublikovannyiestati/type/2/126/
http://www.naclo.ru/en/
http://www.dissercat.com/content/gipokhlor
it-natriya-v-lechenii-bolnykh-khronicheskimidiffuznymi-zabolevaniyami-pecheni
http://irbis.ismu.baikal.ru/smg/2008-6/18.pdf

http://www.ikar.udm.ru/sb/sb36-2.htm
http://www.dissercat.com/content/primenen
ie-gipokhlorita-natriya-i-sandostatina-vkompleksnom-lechenii-oslozhnenii-ostrogo-pa
http://bankpatentov.ru/node/349358
http://www.findpatent.ru/patent/208/208919
4.html

Many Thanks to
Thomas V. Inglesby, MD
David T. Dennis, MD, MPH
Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH
John G. Bartlett, MD
Michael S. Ascher, MD
Edward Eitzen, MD, MPH
Anne D. Fine, MD
Arthur M. Friedlander, MD
Jerome Hauer, MPH
John F. Koerner, MPH, CIH
Marcelle Layton, MD
Joseph McDade, PhD
Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH
Tara OToole, MD, MPH
Gerald Parker, PhD, DVM
Trish M. Perl, MD, MSc
Philip K. Russell, MD
Monica Schoch-Spana, PhD
Kevin Tonat, DrPH, MPH
for the Working Group
on Civilian Biodefense
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/consensus.pdf
And many others.