1. WDM Outline
Non-WDM
Term
Term
OMUX
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
ODMUX
OA
OA
OA
WDM
OA
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
Term
WDM Technology
2. WDM System Configuration
IL-AMP
span
IL-AMP
#n
Optical mux/demux
Ch-signal regeneration
Wavelength conversion
Optical mux/demux
IL-AMP
#1
TERM
system
Client signals
Intermediate
regenerator
Line system
IL-AMP
#1
IL-AMP
#n
Wavelength conversion
Optical mux/demux
Client signals
(n-1)
IL-AMP spans
TERM
system
Transponder
(TPND)
Ch-N
SV Coupler 1
OMUX
Ch-1
Line 1
Receive Amplifier
(RXA)
Client#40
Transponder
(TPND)
Ch-N
ODMUX
Ch-1
OSC
Line 2
SV Coupler 2
DCF
Line 1
SV Coupler
DCF
OSC
In-line Amplifier (ILA)
SV Coupler
SV Coupler
Line 2
DCF
Line 2
Line 1
RXA
Ch-1
Ch-N
DCF
DCF
OSC
TPNDBB
OMUX
TPNDBB
TXA
Line 1
TPNDBB
OSC
Ch-1
RXA
Line 2
Line 2
TPNDBB
TXA
OMUX
Ch-N
ODMUX
DCF
ATM
Ethernet STM-N
Optical Channel
Data Unit (ODU)
Optical Channel
Transport Unit (OTU)
Optical
Physical
Section
(OPS0)
OTM-0
(Non-WDM)
GbE STM-N
GbE
STM-N
Pre-OTN
WDM
(Existing)
Pre-OTN Interface
WDM Technology
2. WDM System Configuration
2.1 WDM Terminal Functional
Configuration
Pre-OTN Transponder
Client Signal
IN
CLIENT
AGC
AMP
Optical
Sender (OS)
E-to-O
Conv.
DEC
Channel
Signal OUT
CHANNEL-N
TIM
EXT
Client Signal
OUT
CLIENT
Optical
Sender (OS)
E-to-O
Conv.
DEC
AGC
AMP
TIM
EXT
O-to-E
Conv.
Channel
Signal IN
CHANNEL-N
OTN-compliant Transponder
Optical Receiver (OR)
Client
Signal IN
CLIENT
O-to-E
Conv.
AGC
AMP
DEC
Och Adapt.
(Send)
Optical
Sender (OS)
E-to-O
Conv.
Channel
Signal
OUT
CHANNEL-N
TIM
EXT
Client
Signal OUT
CLIENT
Optical
Sender (OS)
E-to-O
Conv.
Och Adapt.
(Receive)
OTUk Frame
Termination
& FEC Dec.
DEC
AGC
AMP
TIM
EXT
O-to-E
Conv.
Channel
Signal
IN
CHANNEL-N
Channel
#n
#(n-1)
#(n-2)
Wavelength
Client
100 GHz
3
2
1
Aggregate Signal
over n-channels with
wavelengths ranging
from 1 to n.
#3
#2
#1
Channel spacing is
100 GHz and even.
OMUX
(n-1) n
Transmit
Amplifier
(TXA)
Channel
#n
#(n-1)
#(n-2)
Wavelength
Client
100 GHz
3
2
1
Aggregate Signal
over n-channels with
wavelengths ranging
from 1 to n.
#3
#2
#1
Channel spacing is
100 GHz and even.
ODMUX
(n-1) n
Receive
Amplifier
(RXA)
EDF
INPUT
OUTPUT
CPL
GEQ
WDM
WDM
WDM
CPL CPL
SV-IN
PBS
CPL
980nm
Pump-LD
INPUT
-MON
CPL
1480nm x 4
Pump-LDs
OUTPUT
-MON
PIN-PDs
PIN-PD
Control Circuits
Performance
MON-OUT
ALM: Alarm
CPL: Coupler
EDF: Erbium-doped Fiber
GEQ : Gain Equalizer
LD: Laser Diode
MON: Monitor
PBS
ALM-OUT
EDF
DCF
INPUT
OUTPUT
CPL CPL
GEQ
WDM
WDM
WDM
PBS
PBS
CPL
SV-OUT
CPL
INPUT
-MON
980nm
Pump-LD
OUTPUT
-MON
PIN-PDs
PIN-PD
Control Circuits
Performance
MON-OUT
ALM: Alarm
CPL: Coupler
DCF: Dispersion Compensation Fiber
EDF: Erbium-doped Fiber
GEQ : Gain Equalizer
LD: Laser Diode
CPL
1480nm x 4
Pump-LDs
ALM-OUT
MON: Monitor
PBS : Polarization Beam Splitter
PD: Photo-detector
SV: Supervisory
WDM: WDM Coupler
6
4
Amplifier gain before equalization (1)
2
0
-2
-4
Equalizer loss (2)
-6
-8
1539
1543
1547
1551
1555
Wavelength (nm)
1559
1563
WDM Technology
2. WDM System Configuration
2.2 Wavelength Range and
Wavelength Allocation
Loss [dB/km]
0.3
Low-loss range
0.2
C band
L band
0.1
0.0
1300
NEC Corporation 2002
1400
1500
1600
Wavelength [nm]
Carrier
frequency
Channel
number
196.0
195.9
195.8
195.7
195.6
195.5
195.4
195.3
195.2
195.1
195.0
194.9
194.8
194.7
194.6
194.5
194.3
194.2
194.1
194.0
193.9
193.8
193.7
193.6
193.5
193.4
193.3
193.2
193.1
193.0
192.9
192.8
192.7
192.6
192.5
192.4
192.3
192.2
192.1
192.0
191.9
1530.33
1531.12
1531.90
1532.68
1533.47
1534.25
1535.04
1535.82
1536.61
1537.40
1538.19
1538.98
1539.77
1540.56
1541.35
1542.14
1542.94
1543.73
1544.53
1545.32
1546.12
1546.92
1547.72
1548.52
1549.32
1550.12
1550.92
1551.72
1552.52
1553.33
1554.13
1554.94
1555.75
1556.56
1557.36
1558.17
1558.98
1559.79
1560.61
1561.42
1562.23
Carrier
wavelength
C40
C39
C38
C37
C36
C35
C34
C33
C32
C31
C30
C29
C28
C27
C26
C25
C24
C23
C22
C21
Tone ch.
C20
C19
C18
C17
C16
C15
C14
C13
C12
C11
C10
C09
C08
C07
C06
C05
C04
C03
C02
C0
1
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
(THz)
Carrier
frequency
Channel
number
190.4
190.3
190.2
190.1
190.0
189.9
189.8
189.7
189.6
189.5
189.4
189.3
189.2
189.1
189.0
188.9
188.8
188.7
188.6
188.5
188.4
188.3
188.2
188.1
188.0
187.9
187.8
187.7
187.6
187.5
187.4
187.3
187.2
187.1
187.0
186.9
186.8
186.7
186.6
186.5
186.4
1574.54
1575.37
1576.20
1577.03
1577.86
1578.69
1579.52
1580.35
1581.18
1582.02
1582.85
1583.69
1584.53
1585.36
1586.20
1587.04
1587.88
1588.73
1589.57
1590.41
1591.26
1592.10
1592.95
1593.79
1594.64
1595.49
1596.34
1597.19
1598.04
1598.89
1599.75
1600.60
1601.46
1602.31
1603.17
1604.03
1604.88
1605.74
1606.60
1607.47
1608.33
Carrier
wavelength
L01
L02
L03
L04
L05
L06
L07
L08
L09
L10
L11
L12
L13
L14
L15
L16
L17
L18
L19
L20
Tone ch.
L21
L22
L23
L24
L25
L26
L27
L28
L29
L30
L31
L32
L33
L34
L35
L36
L37
L38
L39
L40
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
(THz)
WDM Technology
WDM System Configuration
Transmission Performance
Objective, Problem and
Solutions
Degradation
by
Noise
AND
Optical fiber
dispersions &
non-linear
effects
TPND
Performance
assessment
parameters
Waveform
distortion
TPND
Wavelength(WL)
Power level
Wavelength(WL)
GEQ gain-WL
characteristics
Dispersion ps/(nmkm)
<1530nm
1310
1500
1550
1600
Wavelength (nm)
>1560nm
Chromatic Dispersion
Adverse Effects on Performance
Transmission errors caused by the pulse waveform
distortion due to the pulse transition point dispersion.
Pulse width=a
Pulse width=b<a
Time Slot
Transmitted pulse
Transmission
fiber cable
Time Slot
Received pulse
electrical signal
Optical
Light Source
t
t
(Laser Diode) continuous light signal Modulator modulated light signa l
(line signal)
ce nte r wa ve le ngth
l (frq.)
l (frq.)
Velocity:V1
V1 > V2
Velocity:V2
DGD
Fiber
2. Stimulated scattering:
a. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
b. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)
Description
Effects on
Signals
SPM
XPM
FWM
Spurious
optical
signals
are Beat noise.
generated due to the third-order Waveform
cross
modulation
among
the distortion.
different wavelength optical signals.
S1
S2
f
213
S3
f
332
U9
U2
U1
f
113
f1- 2f
f
123
f
312
U3
f
112
U4
f1- f
f
321
U6
f
223
f1
U5
f
132
U7
f2
U10
f
221
U8
f3
f
231
f
331
U11
f3+ f
U12
f3+ 2f
Frequency
Description
Effects on Signals
SBS
SRS
Optical fiber
Wavelength
Wavelength