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2

The Mole Concept

2.1

The Mole

2.2

Molar Volume and Avogadros Law

2.3

Ideal Gas Equation

2.4

Determination of Molar Mass

2.5

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

2.1
The Mole

An undercover agent,
a counterspy,
a double agent

Mole

A burrowing mammal
with fossorial forefeet
A small congenital
pigmented spot on the skin
A breakwater

3
P. 3 / 66

A mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12.00 g


ofpure 12
6 C isotope.
This number, known as the Avogadros constant,
can be determined by mass spectrometry.

m
B
k
e
V

B is the magnetic field strength.


V is the accelerating potential.

k is a constant of the instrument.

m
B
k
e
V

At fixed e, k, B and V
m can be determined.

Q.5
Mass of one mole of

12
6

atoms = 12.00 g mol1

= Mass of an Avogadros number of

12
6

atoms

= Avogadros number 1.992648 10-23 g

12.00 g mol1
Avogadros number
23
1.992648 10 g

= 6.022 1023 mol1


6

2.1 The mole (SB p.18)

What is mole?
Item

Unit used to
count

Shoes

pairs

Eggs

dozens

Paper

reams

No. of
items per
unit
for
2
counting
common
12
objects
500

Particles in
Chemistry

moles

6.022 1023

for counting particles like atoms, ions, molecules


7

sextillion
quadrillion
billion

~602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 mol1
quintillion

trillion

million

1 mole ~ 602.2 sextillions

8
P. 8 / 66

The fastest supercomputer can count 1.7591015 atoms per


second.
Calculate the time taken for the superconductor to count
1 mole of carbon-12 atoms.

6.022 10
8

3.424

10
s
15
1.759 10
23

10.85 years

We can count the number of coins by


weighing if the mass of one coin is known.
Similarly, we can count the number of 12C by
weighing if the mass of one 12C is known.
no. of particles
no. of moles
6.02 1023

mass

molar mass

10
P. 10 / 66

Molar mass is the mass, in grams, of 1 mole of


a substance

11

Q.6

12
13

C
C

Relative
isotopic mass

Relative
intensity

12.000

100.00

13.003

1.12

Relative atomic mass

100.00
1.12
12.000
13.003
12.01
101.12
101.12
12

Q.6

12
13

C
C

Relative
isotopic mass

Relative
intensity

12.000

100.00

13.003

1.12

Molar mass of carbon

= 12.01 g mol1
13

Q.6

12
13

C
C

Relative
isotopic mass

Relative
intensity

12.000

100.00

13.003

1.12

Relative isotopic mass is not exactly

equal to mass number of the isotope


14

Number of moles of a substance


number of particles
=

6.022

1023

mol1

mass
=

molar mass

Q.7
Number of moles of oxygen atoms
=

15

number of oxygen atoms

6.022 1023 mol1

2g

16 g mol1

Q.7
Number of moles of oxygen atoms

number of oxygen atoms


6.022 1023 mol1

2g
16. g mol1

2
23
6
.
022

10
Number of oxygen atoms =
16
2
17
23

6
.
022

10
0.04 %
Number of
atoms

O
16
= 3.011 1019
16

2.1

The mole (SB p.20)

Molar mass is the same as the relative


atomic mass in grams.
Molar mass is the same as the relative
molecular mass in grams.
Molar mass is the same as the formula
mass in grams.
Example 2-1A

Example 2-1B

Example 2-1C

Example 2-1D

Example 2-1E

Check Point 2-1

17

2.2
Molar Volume and
Avogadros Law

18

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

What is molar volume of gases?

Volume occupied by one mole of


molecules of a gas.
19

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

What is molar volume of gases?

Depends on T & P
Two sets of conditions
20

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

What is molar volume of gases?

at 298 K & 1 atm


(Room temp & pressure / R.T.P.)
21

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

What is molar volume of gases?


22.4 dm3

22.4 dm3

22.4 dm3

at 273 K & 1 atm


(Standard temp & pressure / S.T.P.)
22

Gas

Molar
mass/g

Molar volume Molar volume


at R.T.P./dm3 at S.T.P./dm3

O2

32

24.0

22.397

N2

28

24.0

22.402

H2

24.1

22.433

He

24.1

22.434

CO2

44

24.3

22.260

NH3

17

24.1

22.079

~ 24

~ 22.4

Not constant
23

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

Avogadros Law
Equal volumes of ALL gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain the
same number of moles of molecules.

At fixed T & P,

Vn

If n = 1, V = molar volume

24

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

Avogadros Law
no. of moles of gas molecules
volume of gas (dm )

molar volume (dm3 mol-1 )


3

volume of gas (dm )

at R.T.P.
3
-1
24 dm mol
3

volume of gas (dm3 )

at S.T.P.
3
-1
22.4 dm mol
25

Vn
V = Vm n

2.2

Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

Interconversions involving number


of moles

Example 2-2A

Example 2-2B

Example 2-2D
26

Example 2-2C

Check Point 2-2

2.3

27

Ideal Gas
Equation

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.27)

Boyles law

At fixed n and T,
PV = constant or

1
V
P

n = number of moles of gas molecules

28

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)

Schematic diagrams explaining Boyles law


29

1/P

30

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)

A graph of volume against the reciprocal of


pressure for a gas at constant temperature
31

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)

Charles law
At fixed n and P,

V T
T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, K

32

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)

Schematic diagrams explaining Charles law


33

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)


Volume

-273.15 oC

0o C

Temperature / oC

A graph of volume against temperature for a gas at


constant pressure
34

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.28)

/K

A graph of volume against absolute temperature


for a gas at constant pressure
35

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.27)

Ideal gas equation


Vn
1
V
P

Avogadros law

VT

Charles law

RnT
V
P
PV = nRT
36

Boyles law

R is the same for all gases


R is known as the universal gas constant

Ideal gas equation

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.29)

Relationship between the ideal gas equation and the


individual gas laws
37

At fixed n,
PV
nR a constant
T

P1V1 P2V2 P3V3

...... = a constant
T1
T2
T3
Ideal gas behaviour is assumed in all gas
laws

38

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.27)

Gas laws
Vn
1
V
P

Avogadros law

VT

Charles law

PV = nRT

39

Boyles law

Ideal gas equation

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

Gas laws vs kinetic theory of gases


What is the difference between a theory and a law?

A law describes what happens under a given


set of circumstances.

A theory attempts to explain why that


behaviour occurs.

40

Ideal gas behaviour

Four assumptions as stated in kinetic


theory of gases

1. Gas particles are in a state of constant


and random motion in all directions,
undergoing frequent collisions with one
another and with walls of the container.
2. Gas particles are treated as point
masses, i.e. they do not occupy volume.
Volume of a gas = capacity of the vessel
41

Ideal gas behaviour


3. There is no interaction among gas
particles.
4. Collisions between gas particles are
perfectly elastic, i.e. kinetic energy is
conserved.

42

The ideal gas equation is obeyed by


real gases only at
(i) low pressure
(ii) high temperature
(less deviation from 24 dm3 at R.T.P.)

43

(i) At low pressure, gas particles are so far


apart that
(1) any interaction among them becomes
negligible (assumption 3)
(2) the volume occupied by the gaseous
molecules becomes negligible when
compared with that of the container
(assumption 2)

44

At high temperature,
gaseous molecules possess sufficient
energy to overcome intermolecular
interactions readily. (assumption 3)

45

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(b) A reaction vessel is filled with a gas at 20 oC and 5 atm. If


the vessel can withstand a maximum internal pressure of
10 atm, what is the highest temperature it can be safely
heated to?

P1V P2V

T1
T2
5 atm
10 atm

(273 20)K
T2

46

T2 = 586 K

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(c) A balloon is filled with helium at 25 oC. The pressure


exerted and the volume of balloon are found to be 1.5 atm
and 450 cm3 respectively. How many moles of helium
have been introduced into the balloon?

PV nRT
1.5 atm 0.450 dm3 n 0.082 atm dm3 K -1 mol-1 298K

n = 0.0276 mol

Or

1.5 101325Nm-2 450 10-6 m3 n 8.314 J K -1 mol-1 298K

n = 0.0276 mol
47

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(d) 25.8 cm3 sample of a gas has a pressure of 690 mmHg and
a temperature of 17 oC. What is the volume of the gas if
the pressure is changed to 1.85 atm and the temperature to
345 K?
(1 atm = 760 mmHg)

P1V1 P2V2

T1
T2
690 mmHg
760 mmHg

25.8 cm3

(273 17) K
48

V2 = 15.1 cm3
1.85 atm V2

345K

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.29)

Q.8
Calculate the universal gas constant at S.T.P.
For one mole of an ideal gas at S.T.P.,
P = 1 atm or 101,325 Nm-2 (Pa)

V = 22.4 dm3 or 0.0224 m3


n = 1 mol
T = 273K

49

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.29)

PV 1 atm 22.4 dm3


R

0.082 atm dm3 K1 mol1


1 mol 273 K
nT

Or,

101325 Nm 0.0224 m
R
2

1 mol 273 K

= 8.314 Nm K1 mol1
= 8.314 J K1 mol1

50

Q.9
PV = nRT

m = mass of the gas


m
PV RT
M = molar mass of the gas
M

m RT
P
V M
RT
RT

M
M
P
51

2.4

Determination
of Molar Mass

52

Determination of Molar Mass


1.

Mass Spectrometry

2.

Density Measurement

RT
M
P
53

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

(Mass of syringe + liquid) before injection (m1)


= 38.545 g
54

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

(Mass of syringe + liquid) after injection (m2)


= 38.260 g
55

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Mass of liquid injected (m1 m2)


= 38.545 g 38.260 g = 0.285 g
56

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Volume of air in syringe before injection (V1)


= 10.5 cm3
57

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Volume of air + vapour in syringe after injection (V2)


= 146.6 cm3
58

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Volume of vapour in syringe (V2 V1)


= 146.6 cm3 - 10.5 cm3 = 136.1 cm3
59

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Once m and V of the vapour are known,

m
density(
)can be determined
V
60

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Temperature = 273 + 65 = 338 K

61

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

1 atm

Pressure = 1 atm

62

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.32)

Q.10

RT m RT m2 m1 RT

Molar mass

P
V P V2 V1 P

0.285 g

0.082 atm dm K mol (338K)

3
3
1 atm
136.1 10 dm
3

= 58.0 g mol1

Relative molecular mass = 58.0


63

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.35)

Unit conversions : R = 8.314 J K1mol1 = 0.082 atm dm3 K1mol1

1m3 = 103 dm3 = 106 cm3


1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101325 Nm2 = 101325 Pa

64

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(a) 0.204 g of phosphorus vapour occupies a volume of


81.0 cm3 at 327 oC and 1.00 atm. Determine the molar mass
of phosphorus.

RT
M
P
0.204 g

3
-1
-1

0.082
atm
dm
K
mol
(273 327)K
0.0810 dm3

= 124 g mol-1

65

1.00 atm

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(b) A sample of gas has a mass of 12.0 g and occupies a


volume of 4.16 dm3 measured at 97 oC and 1.62 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
(1 atm = 101325 Nm-2; ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

RT
M
P

12.0 g

4.16 10-3 m3

Nm

8.314 J K mol (273 97)K


-1

1.62 101325Nm-2

= 54.1 g mol-1
66

-1

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(c) A sample of 0.037 g magnesium reacted with hydrochloric


acid to give 38.2 cm3 of hydrogen gas measured at 25 oC
and 740 mmHg. Use this information to calculate the
relative atomic mass of magnesium.

PV
n
RT

740 mmHg
760 mmHg
3

0.082 atm dm K -1 mol-1 (273 25) K

= 1.52103 mol
67

0.0382dm

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(c) A sample of 0.037 g magnesium reacted with hydrochloric


acid to give 38.2 cm3 of hydrogen gas measured at 25 oC
and 740 mmHg. Use this information to calculate the
relative atomic mass of magnesium.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)


1.52103 mol
1.52 10

1.52103 mol

0.037 g
mass
mol

molar mass of Mg molar mass of Mg

0.037 g
-1
molar mass of Mg

24.3
g
mol
1.52 10 -3 mol
68

2.5
Daltons Law of
Partial Pressures

69

Experiment 1
Tap opened

empty

Gas A

At fixed T & n,
PV = constant
(15 atm)(5 dm3) = (PA)(15 dm3)
PA = 5 atm
70

Experiment 2
Tap opened
12 atm

empty

Gas B

Gas B

At fixed T & n
PV = constant
(12 atm)(10 dm3) = (PB)(15 dm3)
PB = 8 atm
71

Experiment 3
Tap opened
12 atm

Gas B

Gas A + Gas B

The total pressure PT = 13 atm


= 5 atm + 8 atm
= PA + P B
Partial pressures of gases A & B
72

Tap opened
12 atm

Gas B

PA = 5 atm
PB = 8 atm

Partial pressure of a constituent gas in a


mixture is the pressure that the gas would
exert if it were present alone under the
same conditions
73

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.35)

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures


In a mixture of gases which do not react chemically,
the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the
partial pressures of the component gases (the sum
of the pressure that each gas would exert if it were
present alone under the same conditions).

PT
74

PA

PB

PC

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.35)

Derivation from ideal gas equation


Consider a mixture of gases A, B and C at fixed T & V.
nA, nB and nC are the numbers of moles of each gas.

The total number of moles of gases in the mixture


n T = nA + n B + n C

Multiply by the constant RT/V

nT(RT/V) = nA (RT/V) + nB (RT/V) + nC (RT/V)


If gases A, B and C obey ideal gas behaviour
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC

RT nT RT
(nA nB nC )

V
V
75

Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions


Consider a mixture of two gases A and B in a
container of capacity V at temperature T

PAV nART

PBV nBRT

PTV nT RT

PAV nART
PA
nA


XA
PTV nT RT
PT nA nB
Mole fractions
of A & B
PB
nB
PBV nBRT

XB

PT nA nB
PT V nT RT

PA = PTXA
76

PB = PTXB

XA XB 1

Consider a mixture of gases A, B, C, D,

XA XB XC XD ... 1
PA = PTXA
PB = PTXB
PC = PTXC
PD = PTXD

77

Q.11
At fixed T & n, PV = constant
For N2, P1V1 = P2V2
(0.20 Pa)(1.0 dm3) = P2(4.0 dm3) P2 = 0.05 Pa
For O2, P1V1 = P2V2
(0.40 Pa)(2.0 dm3) = P2(4.0 dm3) P2 = 0.2 Pa
By Daltons law of partial pressures

PT PN2 PO2 = 0.05 Pa + 0.2 Pa = 0.25 Pa


78

Q.12
At 40oC, only N2 exists as a gas in the mixture
For a given amount of N2 at fixed V, P T

P1 T1
P1
(273 200) K

1.50 atm (273 40) K


P2 T2
At 200oC

P1 3.05 atm PN2

PT 4.50 atm PN2 Ppropane

Ppropane PT - PN2 (4.50 - 3.05) atm 1.45 atm


79

At fixed T & V,

Ppropane PT Xpropane
Xpropane

80

Ppropane
PT

1.45 atm

0.322
4.50 atm

Q.13(a)

PT PNH3 PH2 PN2 9.810 Nm


4

At fixed P & T, V n
XNH3

nNH3
nT

VNH3
VT

= 20%

PNH3 PT XNH3 (9.810 Nm )(20%)


4

= 1.96 104 Nm2


81

Q.13(a)
XH2

nH2
nT

VH2
VT

55%

PH2 PT XH2 (9.810 Nm )(55%)


4

= 5.39 104 Nm2

82

Q.13(a)
XN2

nN2
nT

VN2
VT

25%

PN2 PT XN2 (9.810 Nm )(25%)


4

= 2.45 104 Nm2

83

Q.13(b)

NH3 is removed

PT PNH3 PH2 PN2

PH2 PN2
= 5.39 104 Nm2 + 2.45 104 Nm2

= 7.84 104 Nm2


Note : PH & PN remain unchanged,
2
2

but PT changes
84

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.39)

(c) The valve between a 6 dm3 vessel containing gas A at a


pressure of 7 atm and an 8 dm3 vessel containing gas B at
a pressure of 9 atm is opened. Assuming that the
temperature of the system remains constant and there is
no reaction between the gases, what is the final pressure
of the system?

85

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.39)

P1V1 P2V2

P1V1 7 atm 6 dm3


Partial pressure of gas A P2

3 atm
3
V2
(6 8) dm
P1V1 9 atm 8 dm3
Partial pressure of gas B P2

5.1 atm
3
V2
(6 8) dm

Total pressure = PA + PB = (3 + 5.1) atm = 8.1 atm

86

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.39)

(d) 2.0 g of helium, 3.0 g of nitrogen and 4.0 g of argon are


introduced into a 15 dm3 vessel at 100 oC.
(i) What are the mole fractions of helium, nitrogen and
argon in the system?
2.0 g
mass
no. of moles of He

0.50 mol
-1
molar mass 4.0 g mol
3.0 g
mass
no. of moles of N2

0.11 mol
-1
molar mass 28.0 g mol
4.0 g
mass
no. of moles of Ar

0.10 mol
-1
molar mass 39.9 g mol

Total no. of moles = (0.50 + 0.11 + 0.10) mol = 0.71 mol


XHe
87

0.50

0.70
0.71

0.11
XN2
0.15
0.71

0.10
XAr
0.14
0.71

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.39)

(d) 2.0 g of helium, 3.0 g of nitrogen and 4.0 g of argon are


introduced into a 15 dm3 vessel at 100 oC.
(ii) Calculate the total pressure of the system, and hence
the partial pressures of helium, nitrogen and argon.
nT RT 0.71 mol 0.082 atm dm3 K -1 mol -1 373 K
PT

1.45 atm
3
V
15 dm

PHe PT XHe

0.50
1.45 atm
1.0 atm
0.71

0.11
PN2 PT XN2 1.45 atm
0.22 atm
0.71
0.10
PAr PT XAr 1.45 atm
0.20 atm
0.71
88

The END

89

2.1 The mole (SB p.20)

Back
What is the mass of 0.2 mol of calcium carbonate?

Answer

The chemical formula of calcium carbonate is CaCO3.

Molar mass of calcium carbonate = (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g mol-1


= 100.1 g mol-1
Mass of calcium carbonate = Number of moles Molar mass

= 0.2 mol 100.1 g mol-1


= 20.02 g

90

2.1 The mole (SB p.21)

Back

14gold pendant.
Calculate the number of gold atoms in a
20 g

Answer
Molar mass of gold = 197.0 g mol-1
20 g
Number of moles =
197.0 g mol 1
= 0.1015 mol
Number of gold atoms

= 0.1015 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1


= 6.11 1022

91

2.1 The mole (SB p.21)

It is given that the molar mass of water is 18.0 g mol-1.


(a) What is the mass of 4 moles of water molecules?
(b) How many molecules are there?
(c) How many atoms are there?

92

Answer

2.1 The mole (SB p.21)

(a) Mass of water = Number of moles Molar mass


= 4 mol 18.0 g mol-1
= 72.0 g
(b) There are 4 moles of water molecules.
Number of water molecules
= Number of moles Avogadro constant
= 4 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 2.408 1024

93

2.1 The mole (SB p.21)

Back
(c) 1 water molecule has 3 atoms (i.e. 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen
atom).
1 mole of water molecules has 3 moles of atoms.
Thus, 4 moles of water molecules have 12 moles of atoms.
Number of atoms = 12 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1

= 7.224 1024

94

2.1 The mole (SB p.22)

A magnesium chloride solution contains 10 g of magnesium


chloride solid.
(a) Calculate the number of moles of magnesium chloride
in the solution.

Answer

(a) The chemical formula of magnesium chloride is MgCl2.


Molar mass of MgCl2 = (24.3 + 35.5 2) g mol-1 = 95.3 g mol-1
10 g
Number of moles of MgCl2 =
95.3 g mol 1
= 0.105 mol

95

2.1 The mole (SB p.22)

(b) Calculate the number of magnesium ions in the solution.

Answer
(b) 1 mole of MgCl2 contains 1 mole of Mg2+ ions and 2 moles of Clions.
Therefore, 0.105 mol of MgCl2 contains 0.105 mol of Mg2+ ions.
Number of Mg2+ ions

= Number of moles of Mg2+ ions Avogadro constant


= 0.105 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 6.321 1022

96

2.1 The mole (SB p.22)

(c) Calculate the number of chloride ions in the solution.

Answer
(c) 0.105 mol of MgCl2 contains 0.21 mol of Cl- ions.
Number of Cl- ions
= Number of moles of Cl- ions Avogadro constant
= 0.21 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 1.264 1023

97

2.1 The mole (SB p.22)

Back

the
14solution.
(d) Calculate the total number of ions in
(d) Total number of ions
= 6.321 1022 + 1.264 1023
= 1.896 1023

98

Answer

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

Back
What is the mass of a carbon dioxide molecule?

Answer

The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2.


Molar mass of CO2 = (12.0 + 16.0 2) g mol-1 = 44.0 g mol-1
Mass
Number of molecules
Number of moles =
=
Molar mass
Avogadro constant

Mass of a CO2 molecule


1
=
44.0 g mol -1
6.02 10 23 mol -1

44.0 g mol -1
Mass of a CO2 molecule =
6.02 10 23 mol -1
= 7.31 10-23 g

99

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

(a) Find the mass in grams of 0.01 mol of zinc sulphide.


(a) Mass = No. of moles Molar mass
Mass of ZnS = 0.01 mol (65.4 + 32.1) g mol-1
= 0.01 mol 97.5 g mol-1
= 0.975 g

100

Answer

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

(b) Find the number of ions in 5.61 g of calcium oxide.

Answer
5.61 g
(b) No. of moles of CaO =
(40.1 16.0) g mol 1
= 0.1 mol
1 CaO formula unit contains 1 Ca2+ ion and 1 O2- ion.
No. of moles of ions = 0.1 mol 2
= 0.2 mol
No. of ions = 0.2 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 1.204 1023

101

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

(c) Find the number of atoms in 32.05 g of sulphur dioxide.

Answer
32.05 g
(c) Number of moles of SO2 =
(32.1 16.0 2) g mol -1
= 0.5 mol
1 SO2 molecule contains 1 S atom and 2 O atoms.
No. of moles of atoms = 0.5 mol 3
= 1.5 mol
No. of atoms = 1.5 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 9.03 1023

102

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

(d) There is 4.80 g of ammonium carbonate. Find the


(i) number of moles of the compound,
(ii) number of moles of ammonium ions,
(iii) number of moles of carbonate ions,

(iv) number of moles of hydrogen atoms, and


(v) number of hydrogen atoms.

103

Answer

2.1 The mole (SB p.23)

Back
(d) Molar mass of (NH4)2CO3 = 96.0 g mol-1
4.80 g
(i) No. of moles of (NH4)2CO3 =
= 0.05 mol
96.0 g mol 1
(ii) 1 mole (NH4)2CO3 gives 2 moles of NH4+ ions.
No. of moles of NH4+ ions = 0.05 mol 2 = 0.1 mol
(iii) 1 mole (NH4)2CO3 gives 1 mole of CO32- ions.

No. of moles CO32- ions = 0.05 mol


(iv) 1 (NH4)2CO3 formula unit contains 8 H atoms.
No. of moles of H atoms = 0.05 mol 8

= 0.4 mol
(v) No. of H atoms = 0.4 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1 = 2.408 1023

104

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.24)

What is the difference between a theory and a law?


A law tells what happens under a given set of
circumstances while a theory attempts to
explain why that behaviour occurs.

Back
105

Answer

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.25)

Find the volume occupied by 3.55 g of chlorine gas at room


temperature and pressure.
(Molar volume of gas at R.T.P. = 24.0 dm3 mol-1)

Answer

Molar mass of chlorine gas (Cl2) = (35.5 2) g mol-1 = 71.0 g mol-1


3.55 g
Number of moles of Cl2 =
71.0 g mol 1
= 0.05 mol
Volume of Cl2 = Number of moles of Cl2 Molar volume
= 0.05 mol 24.0 dm3 mol-1

= 1.2 dm3

106

Back

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.25)

Find the number of molecules in 4.48 cm3 of carbon dioxide


gas at standard temperature and pressure.
(Molar volume of gas at S.T.P. = 22.4 dm3 mol-1; Avogadro
Answer
constant = 6.02 1023 mol-1)
Molar volume of carbon dioxide at S.T.P. = 22.4 dm3 mol-1
= 22400 cm3 mol-1

4.48 cm3
Number of moles of CO2 =
22400 cm3 mol 1
= 2 10-4 mol
Number of CO2 molecules = 2 10-4 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 1.204 1020

107

Back

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.26)

The molar volume of nitrogen gas is found to be


24.0 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature and pressure. Find the
density of nitrogen gas.

Answer

Molar mass of nitrogen gas (N2) = (14.0 + 14.0) g mol-1 = 28.0 g mol-1
Molar mass
Mass
Density =
=
Molar volume
Volume
Density of N2
28.0 g mol -1
=
24.0 dm3 mol -1
=1.167 g dm-3

Back
108

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.26)

1.6 g of a gas occupies 1.2 dm3 at room temperature and


pressure. What is the relative molecular mass of the gas?
(Molar volume of gas at R.T.P. = 24.0 dm3 mol-1)
1.2 dm3
Number of moles of the gas =
24.0 dm3 mol 1
= 0.05 mol
1.6 g
Molar mass of the gas =
0.05 mol
= 32 g mol-1
Relative molecular mass of the gas = 32 (no unit)

Back
109

Answer

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.27)

(a) Find the volume occupied by 0.6 g of hydrogen gas at


room temperature and pressure.

(Molar volume of gas at R.T.P. = 24.0 dm3 mol-1)

Answer
0.6 g
(a) No. of moles of H2 =
= 0.3 mol
(1.0 2) g mol 1
Volume = No. of moles Molar volume
= 0.3 mol 24.0 dm3 mol-1
= 7.2 dm3

110

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.27)

(b) Calculate the number of molecules in 4.48 dm3 of


hydrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure.

(Molar volume of gas at S.T.P. = 22.4 dm3 mol-1)

Answer

4.48 dm3
(b) No. of moles of H2 =
= 0.2 mol
3
1
22.4 dm mol
No. of H2 molecules = 0.2 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1
= 1.204 1023

111

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.27)

(c) The molar volume of oxygen gas is 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at


standard temperature and pressure. Find the density of
oxygen gas in g cm-3 at S.T.P.

Answer

Mass
Molar mass
(c) Density =
=
Volume
Molar volume
Molar mass of O2 = (16.0 2) g mol-1 = 32.0 g mol-1
Molar volume of O2 = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 22400 cm3 mol-1
32.0 g mol -1
Density =
22400 cm3 mol 1
= 1.43 10-3 g cm-3

112

2.2 Molar volume and Avogadros law (SB p.27)

(d) What mass of oxygen has the same number of moles as


that in 3.2 g of sulphur dioxide?

Answer

3.2 g
(d) No. of moles of SO2 =
(32.1 16.0 2) g mol 1
No. of moles of O2 = 0.05 mol
Mass = No. of moles Molar mass
Mass of O2 = 0.05 mol (16.0 2) g mol-1
= 1.6 g

Back
113

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.30)

Back

A 500 cm3 sample of a gas in a sealed container at 700 mmHg


and 25 oC is heater to 100 oC. What is the final pressure of the
gas?

Answer

As the number of moles of the gas is fixed,


P1V1 P2 V2
=
T2
T1

PV should be a constant.
T

700 mmHg 500 cm3


P2 500 cm3
=
(273 25) K
(273 100) K
P2 = 876.17 mmHg
The final pressure of the gas at 100 oC is 876.17 mmHg.

Note: All temperature values used in gas laws are on the Kelvin scale.
114

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.30)

Back
A reaction vessel of 500 cm3 is filled with oxygen gas at 25 oC
and the final pressure exerted on it is 101 325 Nm-2. How
many moles of oxygen gas are there?

(Ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

Answer

PV = nRT
101325 Nm-2 500 10-6 m3 = n 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 25) K
n = 0.02 mol
There is 0.02 mol of oxygen gas in the reaction vessel.

115

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.30)

Back
A 5 dm3 vessel can withstand a maximum internal pressure
of 50 atm. If 2 moles of nitrogen gas are pumped into the
vessel, what is the highest temperature it can be safely
heated to?

Answer

Applying the equation,


PV
50 101325 Nm -2 5 10 -3 m3
T=
=
= 1523.4 K
-1
-1
nR
2 mol 8.314 J K mol
The highest temperature it can be safely heated to is 1250.4 oC.

116

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(b) A reaction vessel is filled with a gas at 20 oC and 5 atm. If


the vessel can withstand a maximum internal pressure of
10 atm, what is the highest temperature it can be safely
heated to?

P1V P2V

T1
T2
5 atm
10 atm

(273 20)K
T2

117

T2 = 586 K

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(c) A balloon is filled with helium at 25 oC. The pressure


exerted and the volume of balloon are found to be 1.5 atm
and 450 cm3 respectively. How many moles of helium
have been introduced into the balloon?

PV nRT
1.5 atm 0.450 dm3 n 0.082 atm dm3 K -1 mol-1 298K

n = 0.0276 mol

Or

1.5 101325Nm-2 450 10-6 m3 n 8.314 J K -1 mol-1 298K

n = 0.0276 mol
118

2.3 Ideal gas equation (SB p.31)

(d) 25.8 cm3 sample of a gas has a pressure of 690 mmHg and
a temperature of 17 oC. What is the volume of the gas if
the pressure is changed to 1.85 atm and the temperature to
345 K?
(1 atm = 760 mmHg)

P1V1 P2V2

T1
T2
690 mmHg
760 mmHg

25.8 cm3

(273 17) K
119

V2 = 15.1 cm3
1.85 atm V2

347 K

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.33)

Back

A sample of gas occupying a volume of 50 cm3 at 1 atm and


25 oC is found to have a mass of 0.0286 g. Find the molar mass
of the gas.
(Ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1; 1 atm = 101325 Nm-2)

Answer
PV

m
RT
M

0.0286 g
8.314 J K 1 mol 1 (273 25) K
M
M = 13.99 g mol-1

101325 Nm - 2 50 10 6 m3

Therefore, the molar mass of the gas is 13.99 g mol-1.


120

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

Back

The density of a gas at 450 oC and 380 mmHg is


0.0337 g dm-3. What is its molar mass? (1 atm = 760 mmHg =
101325 Nm-2; ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
The unit of density of the gas has to be converted to g
calculation.

Answer
for the

m-3

0.0337 g dm-3 = 0.0337 103 g m-3 = 33.7 g m-3


PM = RT
M = RT
P

33.7 g m -3 8.314 J K -1 mol -1 (273 450) K


=
= 4.0 g mol-1
380
101325 Nm 2
760
Therefore, the molar mass of the gas is 4.0 g mol-1.
121

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(a) 0.204 g of phosphorus vapour occupies a volume of


81.0 cm3 at 327 oC and 1 atm. Determine the molar mass of
phosphorus.
(1 atm = 101325 Nm-2; ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
(a) PV = m RT
M
101325 Nm-2 81.0 10-6 m3
0.204 g
=
8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 327) K
M
M = 123.99 g mol-1

The molar mass of phosphorus is 123.99 g mol-1.

122

Answer

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(b) A sample of gas has a mass of 12.0 g and occupies a


volume of 4.16 dm3 measured at 97 oC and 1.62 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
(1 atm = 101325 Nm-2; ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
(b) PV = m RT
M
1.62 101325 Nm-2 4.16 10-3 m3
12.0 g
=
8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 97) K
M
M = 54.06 g mol-1
The molar mass of the gas is 54.06 g mol-1.

123

Answer

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

(c) A sample of 0.037 g magnesium reacted with hydrochloric


acid to give 38.2 cm3 of hydrogen gas measured at 25 oC
and 740 mmHg. Use this information to calculate the
relative atomic mass of magnesium.
(1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101325 Nm-2;
ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

124

Answer

2.4 Determination of molar mass (SB p.34)

Back
(c) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
PV = nRT
740
101325 Nm-2 38.2 10-6 m3
760
= n 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 25) K
n = 1.52 10-3 mol
No. of moles of H2 produced = 1.52 10-3 mol
No. of moles of Mg reacted = No. of moles of H2 produced
= 1.52 10-3 mol
0.037 g
Mass
Molar mass of Mg =
=
= 24.34 g mol-1
-3
No. of moles 1.52 10 mol
The relative atomic mass of Mg is 24.34.

125

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.36)

Back

Air is composed of 80 % nitrogen and 20 % oxygen by


volume. What are the partial pressures of nitrogen and
oxygen in air at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of
25 oC?

Answer

80
Mole fraction of N2 =
100
Mole fraction of O2 = 20
100 80
Partial pressure of N2 =
101325 Nm 2
100
= 81060 Nm-2
20
101325 Nm 2
Partial pressure of O2 =
100
= 20265 Nm-2
126

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.36)

The valve between a 5 dm3 vessel containing gas A at a


pressure of 15 atm and a 10 dm3 vessel containing gas B at a
pressure of 12 atm is opened.

Answer
(a)

Assuming that the temperature of the system remains


constant, what is the final pressure of the system?

(b)
What are the mole fractions of gas A and gas B?
127

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.36)

(a) Total volume of the system = (5 + 10) dm3 = 15 dm


By Boyles law, P1V1 = P2V2
Partial pressure of gas A (PA)
15 atm 5 dm3
=
15 dm3
= 5 atm
Partial pressure of gas B (PB)
12 atm 10 dm3
=
15 dm3
= 8 atm
By Daltons law of partial pressures, Ptotal = PA + PB
Final pressure of the system = (5 + 8) atm = 13 atm

128

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.37)

Back
PA
(b) Mole fraction of gas A =
Ptotal

5 atm
=
13 atm
= 0.385
P
Mole fraction of gas B = B
Ptotal
8 atm
=
13 atm
= 0.615

129

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.37)

0.25 mol of nitrogen and 0.30 mol of oxygen are introduced


into a vessel of 12 dm3 at 50 oC. Calculate the partial
pressures of nitrogen and oxygen and hence the total
pressure exerted by the gases.
(1 atm = 101325 Nm-2; ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

Answer

130

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.37)

Let the partial pressure of nitrogen be PA.


Using the ideal gas equation PV = nRT,
PA 12 10-3 m3 = 0.25 mol 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 50) K
PA = 55946 Nm-2 (or 0.552 atm)
Let the partial pressure of oxygen be PB.
Using the ideal gas equation PV = nRT,
PB 12 10-3 m3 = 0.30 mol 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 50) K
PB = 67136 Nm-2 (or 0.663 atm)

131

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.37)

Back
Total pressure of gases
= (55946 + 67136) Nm-2
= 123082 Nm-2
Or
Total pressure of gases
= (0.552 + 0.663) atm
= 1.215 atm
Hence, the partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen are 0.552 atm and
0.663 atm respectively, and the total pressure exerted by the gases is
1.215 atm.

132

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.38)

4.0 g of oxygen and 6.0 g of nitrogen are introduced into a


5 dm3 vessel at 27 oC.
(a)

What are the mole fraction of oxygen and nitrogen in


the gas mixture?

(b) What is the final pressure of the system?


(1 atm = 101325 Nm-2;
ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

133

Answer

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.38)

4.0 g
(a) Number of moles of oxygen =
32.0 gmol 1
= 0.125 mol
6.0 g
Number of moles of nitrogen =
28.0 gmol 1
= 0.214 mol
Total number of moles of gases = (0.125 + 0.214) mol
= 0.339 mol
0.125 mol
Mole fraction of oxygen =
= 0.369
0.339 mol

0.214 mol
Mole fraction of nitrogen = 0.339 mol = 0.631
134

2.5 Daltons law of partial pressures (SB p.38)

(b) Let P be the final pressure of the system.


Using the ideal gas equation PV = nRT,
P 5 10-3 m3 = 0.339 mol 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (273 + 27) K
P = 169 107 Nm-2 (or 1.67 atm)

Back

135

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