Lecture 4 Objectives
Lecture 4
Electrically
neutral
a
Q
Lecture 4
E app a r
Q
40 r
Lecture 4
Lecture 4
D ar Dr r
0r
6
Lecture 4
2)
ar b
3)
r b
Dr (r ) 0
7
Lecture 4
Qencl qev dv
V
Lecture 4
0r a
Gaussian surfaces
for which
ar b
Gaussian surfaces
for which
r b
Lecture 4
For
For
0r a
r b
Qencl Q
Qencl Q
10
Lecture 4
qesa
2
4a
11
Lecture 4
qesb
2
4b
12
Lecture 4
D d s DS
S
magnitude of D
on Gaussian
surface.
surface area
of Gaussian
surface.
D d s D r 4 r
S
13
Lecture 4
0
14
Lecture 4
a
,
r
2
4 r
0
E 0,
Q
a r
,
2
40 r
15
0r a
ar b
r b
Lecture 4
E ind E E app
0,
0r a
a r
, ar b
2
40 r
0,
r b
16
Lecture 4
total
electric
field
Eapp
a
Eind
17
Lecture 4
18
Lecture 4
ar b
V r V b
19
Q
40b
Lecture 4
For 0 r a
r
V r V b Er dr
a
Q 1 1 1
40 b r a
20
Lecture 4
No metallic shell
a b
21
Lecture 4
Lecture 4
Lecture 4
total
electric
field
Eapp
R
a b
Eind
24
Lecture 4
a b
25
Lecture 4
26
Lecture 4
(A)
qev r R dv
E r
3
4
R
0
V
P
V r E d l
27
Lecture 4
(B)
qev r dv
V r
40 R
V
E r V r
28
Lecture 4
Dds q
ev
Gausss Law
dv
V
P
V r E d l
Lecture 4
V V1
r
Conducting
bodies
30
V V2
Neither Method 1 nor
Method 2 can be used!
Lecture 4
Er V r
31
Lecture 4
32
Lecture 4
qev
E V V
qev
V
2
33
Lecture 4
V
2
qev
Poissons
equation
34
Lecture 4
35
Lecture 4
Laplaces Equation
V 0
36
Lecture 4
Uniqueness Theorem
37
Lecture 4
V b 0
V0
x
b
38
Lecture 4
V V
1 d d
0
V
d d
2
39
Lecture 4
V C1 ln C2
V a V0 C1 ln a C2
V b 0 C1 ln b C2
40
Lecture 4
V0 ln b
C2
ln a / b
The potential is
V0
V
ln
ln a / b b
41
Lecture 4
a ln b / a
0V0
0 a E b
b ln b / a
42
Lecture 4
V2
V1
+
Q
C
V12
V12 = V2-V1
43
Lecture 4
44
Lecture 4
Q
C
V
45
Lecture 4
Capacitors
46
Lecture 4
Capacitors (Contd)
The former method is the more general
but requires solution of Laplaces equation.
The latter method is useful in cases where
the symmetry of the problem allows us to
use Gausss law to find the electric field
from a given charge distribution.
47
Lecture 4
Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A
Conductor 1
48
Lecture 4
V = V12
z=0
V=0
49
Lecture 4
dV
V 2 0
dz
V z 0 0
V z d V12
2
50
Lecture 4
dV
V
z
c1 z c2
2
dz
V z 0 0 c2
V12
V z d V12 c1d c1
d
V12
V z
z
d
51
Lecture 4
dV
V12
E V a z
a z
dz
d
52
Lecture 4
qes 2
V12 0V12
0 a n E 0 a z a z
d
d
Q qes 2 A
0V12 A
d
53
Lecture 4
Q 0 A
C
V12
d
54
Lecture 4
Dielectric Materials
55
Lecture 4
Lecture 4
Polarizability
Polarizability is a measure of the ability of
a material to become polarized in the
presence of an applied electric field.
Polarization occurs in both polar and
nonpolar materials.
57
Lecture 4
Electronic Polarizability
electron
cloud
nucleus
58
In the absence of an
applied electric field, the
positively charged
nucleus is surrounded by
a spherical electron cloud
with equal and opposite
charge.
Outside the atom, the
electric field is zero.
Lecture 4
59
In the presence of an
applied electric field,
the electron cloud is
distorted such that it
is displaced in a
direction (w.r.t. the
nucleus) opposite to
that of the applied
electric field.
Lecture 4
p e E loc
dipole
moment
(C-m)
polarizability
(F-m2)
60
Lecture 4
negative
ion
Ionic Polarizability
positive
ion
61
In the absence of an
applied electric field,
the ionic molecules
are randomly oriented
such that the net
dipole moment within
any small volume is
zero.
Lecture 4
62
In the presence of an
applied electric field,
the dipoles tend to
align themselves with
the applied electric
field.
Lecture 4
p i E loc
dipole
moment
(C-m)
polarizability
(F-m2)
63
Orientational Polarizability
64
In the absence of an
applied electric field,
the polar molecules
are randomly oriented
such that the net
dipole moment within
any small volume is
zero.
Lecture 4
65
In the presence of an
applied electric field,
the dipoles tend to
align themselves with
the applied electric
field.
Lecture 4
p o E loc
dipole
moment
(C-m)
polarizability
(F-m2)
66
P N p N T E loc
67
Lecture 4
T e i o
68
Lecture 4
N T
E loc E 1
3 0
69
Lecture 4
P 0 e E
electron
susceptibility
(dimensionless)
70
Lecture 4
Dielectric Materials
E E app E ind
71
Lecture 4
qevb P
qesb P n
72
Lecture 4
0 E qev
0 E qev qevb
73
Lecture 4
D 0 E P
74
Lecture 4
D qev
d
s
Q
encl
S
75
Lecture 4
Permittivity Concept
Assuming that
we have
P 0 e E
D 0 1 e E E
76
Lecture 4
77
Lecture 4
P D 0 E 0 E
78
Lecture 4
Relative Permittivity
r
0
79
Lecture 4