Levels of diversity
1.Genetic diversity.
2.Species diversity.
3.Ecological diversity.
1.Genetic diversity.
It is a measure of variety in genetic
information contained in the organisms.
Greater the genetic diversity , More
sustenance against environment
perturbations.
Genetically uniform population are highly
2.Species diversity.
Species diversity is the variety of species and
their relative abundance present within a
region.
There are two important measures of species
diversity.
1.Species richness. It is the number of species
per unit area.
2.Species evenness-It is the relative
abundance with which each species is
represented in an area.
GLOBAL DIVERSITY
The total number of plants and animals
described is about 1.5 million according to
IUCN.2004
Robert May has made more conservative
scientifically sound estimate, which puts the
global species diversity at about 7 million.
Animals more than 70 % .
INDIAN BIODIVERSITY.
India is among the 12 mega diversity countries
of the world.
India has 8.1 % of Global species DIVERSITY
though it has only 2.4% of the worlds land
area.
There are 90,000-1,00000 species of animals
and about 45,000 species of plants, only 22%
of the total species have been recorded.
More than 1,00000 species of plants and more
than 3,00000 species of animals to be
BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS
Biodiversity varies with change in latitude
and altitude
Speciation is favoured by favourable
environmental conditions.
1.Latitudinal and Altitudinal Gradients.
There is a decrease in species diversity from
equator towards poles.
The greatest biodiversity on earth is the
Amazonian rain forest in South America.
Importance of biodiversity to
ecosystem
A stable community has the following
attributes.
1.There should not be much variations in the
year to year productivity.
2.It should be either resistant or resilient to
seasonal disturbance.
3. It should be also resistant to invasion by
alien species.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
More than 2000 species of native birds have
faced extinction due to the colonisation of
tropical pacific islands by human being.
There is an extinction of 784 species in the
last 500 years according to the IUCN Red list2004( 359-invertebrates, 338 vertebrates,87
plants.)
Recently extinct animals 1. Stellers sea cow (Russia).
2.Dodo bird (Mauritius).
Quagga (Affrica)
3.Thylacine(Australia).
Tiger(Bali,Javan,Caspian)
OVER EXPLOITATION
Many species become extinct when nature is
over exploited by man for natural resources.
ex Stellars sea cow , passenger pigeon etc.
Cichlid fish
Eicchornia
African Catfish(Clarias
gariepinus)
.
Parthenium
Lantana
co-extinction
It is a phenomenon by which when a species
become extinct, the plant and animal species
association with it in an obligatory manner
also become extinct.
ex.On the extinction of fish, all those
parasites which are specific to that fish also
face extinction.
co-evolved plant pollinator.
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
3. Ethical Reasons.
It is an intrinsic value of each species.
It is our moral duty to care for their well being.
APPROACHES FOR
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY.
THERE ARE TWO MAJOR APPROACHES .
1.INSITU CONSERVATION (on-site
conservation)
2. EX-SITU CONSERVATION( off site
conservation)
IN SITU CONSERVATION
EX-SITU CONSERVATION
It helps in recovering
populations or preventing their
extinction under simulated
conditions that closely
resemble their natural habitats.
Ex.Botanical
gardens,zoos,seed/pollen
banks,Gene banks,Tissue
culture.
IN SITU STRATEGIES
There are 425 biosphere reserves in the world,
of which 14 are in India.
1.Nilgri,
2.Nanda Devi.
3.Nokrek.
4.Manas.
5.Sunderbans.
6.Gulf of Mannar
7.Great Nicobar.
SACRED FORESTS.
These are undisturbed forest without any
human intervention and they are surrounded
by highly degraded landscapes.
Such forests include a number of rare
.endangered and endemic species.
Ex.
1.Khasi and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
2.Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and
Maharasthra
EX SITU CONSERVATION
INDIA has
27 5zoological parks.
35 Botanical gardens.
CRYOPRESERVATION is the method of
preservation by storage of materials at ultra
low temperature for very long period.ex
gametes of threatened species can be
preserved.
CONVENTIONS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. THE EARTH SUMMIT.
This is the historic convention on Biological
diversity held in Rio De Janerio in 1992.
It is called upon all the nations to take
appropriate measures for
1. conservation of biodiversity.
2. Sustainable utilization of the benefits from
biodiversity.
DIFFERENCES
Alpha Diversity
1. It refers to the diversity of the organism
sharing the same habitat or community.
2. It is within community diversity.
Beta Diversity
1. It refers to the diversity of the organism in
different communities in a habitat.
2. It is between community diversity
Ex-situ Conservation
1.It is called off-site conservation.
2.Includes botanical garden, zoos, gene bank,
seedlings etc.
In-situ conservation
1.It is called on-site conservation.
2.It includes wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks, as well as protected areas to protect
ASSIGNMENTS
LEVEL1
1. What is the approximate no of plant and
animal species described so far by IUCN
(2004) report?
2. Which type of graph curve is obtained when
species richness is plotted against area?
3. Name a few weeds that have invaded our
crop fields as alien species. Why these have
become uncontrollable
4. Categorize the following into in-situ and ex-
LEVEL2
1. Reserpine is obtained from a plant found in
Himalayan ranges. Name the plant.
2. Western Ghats have greater amphibian
species diversity than Eastern Ghats. Why?
3. Who proposed rivet popper hypothesis?
Describe this hypothesis briefly.
4. Which type of organism are prone to co
extinction and why ?