HYDRAULICS

(BFC 21103)
1

LECTURER: MADAM NOR AMANI FILZAH

MOHD KAMIL
ROOM: ST LEVEL 3, ROOM-PM 4
0137705583

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Knowing open stream classification and
properties of fluid.
Understanding the nature of the flow in an
open channel.
Understanding the definition of geometric
elements in the calculation of open channel
flow.
2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Making a comparison between open
channel flow and flow in a pipe.
Define and describe the types of flow.
State flow conditions and flow regimes.

SYLLABUS
1.1 Introduction (slide 5)
1.2 State of Flow (slide 17)
1.3 Types of Open Channel Flow (slide 22)
1.4 Geometric Element of Open
Channel (slide 31)

INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic is related to the principle
of fluid mechanics usage for
structure of water engineering, civil
and environmental engineering
necessity especially hydraulic
structure example channel, river,
weir and water treatment plant
What is the significant
of this subject to civil
engineer?

Introduction

PROPERTIES OF FLUID

Relative Density

Surface Tension

Viscosity

Compressibility

Properties
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus

Capillarity

Specific Gravity
Density

Detailed in fluid mechanics

Introduction

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Flow in open
channel has a
free surface
which is caused
by atmosphere
pressure

Atmosphere

Free surface

Flow

d
Distributed
flow
Zo
Datum

Introduction

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

STEADY FLOW
Flow

in an open-channel is considered
steady if the depth of flow (y) does not
change and assumed to be constant
during the time interval; dy / dt = 0.
Example: Constant flow in piping flow in
time
9

Steady Flow (Example)

10

Unsteady Flow
Flow

in an open-channel is considered
unsteady if the water surface and depth of
flow fluctuate from time to time. This
means, dy / dt 0.
Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible
condition
Example: flood

11

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM FLOW

Flow is considered uniform if the depth of

flow is the same at every section of the flow
(dy/dx = 0). While, flow is considered nonuniform flow if the depth of flow varies at
different sections of the flow (dy/dx 0).

Uniform flow

Non-uniform flow

12

Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

1.Gradually varied flow (GVF)
the depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.
2.Rapidly varied flow (RVF)
the depth changes abruptly over a
comparative short distance
13

Gradually varied flow (GVF)

Example: backwater at the upstream of
weir or sluice gate.

14

Rapidly varied flow (RVF)

Example: hydraulic jump

15

Summary
Open Channel
Flow

Steady Flow

Uniform Flow

Non-uniform
Flow

Unsteady Flow

Uniform Flow

Non-uniform
Flow

GVF

GVUF

RVF

RVUF
16

STATE OF FLOW

Viscosity effect
Gravity effect

17

Viscosity Effect
Reynolds

number
depends on viscosity
Fluid viscosity is
constant
Re < 500
- laminar
500 < Re < 12500 - transition
Re > 12500
- turbulent
18

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow
Low velocity in small cross
section channel.
High viscosity.

Turbulent Flow
Deep of flow.
Non-prismatic cross section (i.e;
river) create the turbulent flow.

Transition
State of flow happen when laminar flow
change to turbulent flow before alter to
fully turbulent.
19

REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
RESULT

Osborne Reynolds was the

first scientist who had distinguished
the type of flow by using a
simple apparatus in 1883.

20

Gravity Effect

State as inertia force to gravity force ratio

v
and known as Froude number, Fr

gL

Where;
Fr = 1 critical
Fr < 1 sub critical
Fr > 1 super critical

21

FLOW REGIME
Combination

of viscosity and gravity effect

will create 4 state of regime which are;
Sub critical laminar Fr < 1.0, Re < 500
Super critical laminar Fr > 1.0, Re < 500
Sub critical turbulent Fr < 1.0, Re > 12500
Super critical turbulent Fr > 1.0, Re > 12500
22

TYPE OF OPEN CHANNEL

Natural

channel
Artificial channel

23

TYPE OF OPEN CHANNEL

Natural Channel
Natural channels are waterways that exist
naturally on earth.
The properties of natural channels are
normally very irregular and difficult to control.
Examples: hillside rivulets, brooks, streams,
rivers and tidal estuaries.
24

TYPE OF OPEN CHANNEL

Artificial Channel
Artificial channels are watercourses that are
contracted and developed by human.
The properties of artificial channels are based
on developers requirements and controllable.
Examples: floodways, irrigation canals,
drainage ditches and spillways.
25

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
In engineering practice, artificial channels are
given different names such as:
canal
flume
chute and drop
sewerage
26

CANAL

It is a long and mild-sloped channel built on the

ground.
Exist in earth surface or coated with concrete,
cement, wood or others.

27

FLUME
It

is a hard channel or passage built from

wood, metal or concrete across a
depression.
It is used in laboratory for research.

28

CHUTE AND DROP

Chute is a steep-sloped channel.

Drop is similar to a chute, but the change in
elevation takes place over a very short
distance.

29

SEWERAGE
It

is a closed conduit and built under soil

surface.
The water is in half-fully flow.

30

TIMES UP

31

Addition reading:
Cengel Y. A. And Cimbala J.M.
(2010). Fluid mechanics:
Fundamentals and applications.
McGraw-Hill. UK.
Page 701 - 707

THANK YOU