GPON Fundamentals
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Huawei Confidential
Contents
Basic Concepts of PON
Overview of Optical Access Network
Analysis of GPON Standards
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What is PON?
Passive Optical Network
Passive Optical
Splitter
ONU
ONU
PSTN
Internet
OLT
Passive Optical
Splitter
ONU
CATV
PON consists of Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Unit (ONU) and
Passive Optical Splitter.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Why GPON?
<1Mbps
Access
Technology
Coverage
diameter
Service
requirements
8M
3M
100M
ADSL/ADSL2+
VDSL / ADSL2+
PON
Copper Based
Copper Based
Fiber Based
<3km
<2km
VoD
HDTV
Game
2003
BD
~5km
<1km
Internet
Video conferencing
Remote control
2002
25M
Live TV
VoD
HDTV
2006
2010
Time
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Concepts
APON: ATM Passive Optical Networks
EPON: Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
GE-PON: Giga-bit Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks
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1490nm
1310nm
To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single fibre, GPON adopts
two multiplexing mechanism:
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Broadcast mode
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TDMA mode
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EPON
Standard
ITU.T
IEEE
Rate
2.488G/1.244G
1.25G/1.25G
Split ration
1:64~1:128
1:16~1:32
GEM/ATM
Ethernet
Broadband efficiency
92%
72%
Line encoding
NRZ
8B/10B
Power budget
Class A/B/C
Px10/Px20
Ranging
RTT
by adjusting EqD
DBA
Standard format
Defined by vendors
TDM support
CESoP / Native
CESoP
ONT interconnectivity
OMCI
None
OAM
powerful
Application mode
Multi-service/ FTTx
Maturity
Choice of carriers
Carriers
Enterprise Intranet
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CO
BA
DSLAM
xDSL 2~20Mbps
ODN
3.5-5km
Remote Business
Curb
FTTC
OLT
MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB
OLT
ONU
Optical Networks Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH
OLT
ONT
Optical Networks Termination
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GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.2
ITU-T G.984.1
ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
Specifications of TC layer in the GPON system
GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol
stack
GTC frame
ONU registration and activation
ITU-T G.984.4
OMCI message format
OMCI device management frame
OMCI working principle
DBA specifications
Alarms and performance
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R/S
ODN
S/R
SNI
OLT
ONU/ONT
T reference point IFpon
WDM
NE
WDM
Optical
splitter
ONU
ONT
ODN
OLT
WDM
NE
Network Element
SNI
UNI
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IFpon
Service node
V reference point
NE
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OLT
IFpon
No backup on devices.
IFpon
Protected area
Secondary fibre
ONU#N
IFpon
ONU#1
OLT
IFpon
IFpon
2N optical splitter
IFpon
Protected area
ONU#N
Type B OLT interface backup
IFpon
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ONU#1
2N optical splitter
OLT
IFpon
IFpon
IFpon
IFpon
Whole-network protection
2N optical splitter
ONU#N
IFpon
IFpon
Type C All-backup
utilization.
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It is complex to realize it
ONU#1
12 optical splitter
2N optical splitter
IFpon
IFpon
OLT
IFpon
IFpon
Protected
area of ONUs
Whole-network
protection
with a single port
ONU#N
IFpon
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Port
T-CONT Port
Port
T-CONT
ONT
GEM Port
GEM Port
T-CONT
Port
Port
T-CONT
IFpon
ONU-ID
identifies
ONUs
O
N
U
T-CONT
O
N
U
T-CONT Port
Port
Port
Alloc-IDs identifies
T-CONTs
Port-ID
identifies GEM
ports
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PON interface
function
PON TC
function
Service Shell
Service
adaptation
Cross
Connection
function
PON interface
function
PON TC
function
Service
adaptation
PON core shell consists of two parts: PON interface function and PON TC function. PON TC
function includes framing, media access control, OAM, DBA, and delineation of Protocol Data
Unit (PDU) for the cross connect function, and ONU management.
The Cross-connect shell provides a communication path between the PON core
shell and the Service shell, as well as cross-connect functionality.
Service Shell provides translation between service interfaces and TC frame
interface of the PON section.
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Service Shell
Service
adaptation
PON interface
function
PON TC
function
MUX/
DEMUX
PON interface
function
PON TC
function
Service
adaptation
The functional building blocks of the G-PON ONU are mostly similar to the
functional building blocks of the OLT. Since the ONU operates with only a single
PON Interface (or maximum 2 interfaces for protection purposes), the crossconnect function can be omitted. However, instead of this function, service MUX
and DMUX function is specified to handle traffic.
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Payload
Upstream
Bandwidth Map
ONT1
AllocID
Start
End
AllocID
Start
End
100
200
300
500
OLT
T-CONT1
(ONT 1)
T-CONT 2
(ONT 2)
Slot
Slot
Slot
Slot
100
200
300
500
ONT64
PLOu
PLOAMu
PLSu
DBRu
Payload x
DBRu Y
Payload y
Upstream Framing
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Port ID
GEM
header
PTI
Frame
fragment
HEC
GEM
header
DBA Report
PLOu
PLOAMu
PLSu
Full
frame
GEM
header
Frame
fragment
Pad if needed
PLOu
ONT A
DBRu z Payload z
ONT B
DBA
1,2,4bytes
Msg ID
1 bytes
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Message
10 bytes
CRC
1 bytes
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CRC
1 bytes
Psync
4 bytes
Payload
n
Ident
4 bytes
PCBd
n+1
Reserved
13 bytes
BIP
1 bytes
Reserved
1 bit
Payload
n
Super-frame
Counter 30 bits
Plend
4 bytes
Plend
4 bytes
US BW Map
N*8 bytes
Access 1
8 bytes
Alloc ID
12 bits
Send PLS
1 bit
Flags
12 bits
Send PLOAMn
1 bit
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Access 2
8 bytes
SStart
2 bytes
Use FEC
1 bit
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..
SStop
2 bytes
Access n
8 bytes
CRC
1 byte
GEM Frame
PLI
Port ID
PTI
HEC
TDM
TDM data
Payload
TDM fragment
TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed
Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services .
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GEM Frame
PLI
Port ID
Preamble
SFD
5 bytes
PTI
CRC
DA
SA
Length\Type
GEM
Payload
GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames
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1# ONU
1# ONU
0# ONT
0# ONT
Data recovered
0# ONU
1# ONU
0# ONT
Threshold line
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ONU2
Assigned EqD
Pre-Assigned
EqD
Desired Reception
of SN Response
U/S BW Map
containing
Ranging Request
ONU3
Desired Start of
U/S Frame
ONU
Pre-Assigned
Response
EqD
Sstart
Time
Actual Reception
of S/N Resonse
OLT
ONU in
Ranging
state
ONU1
Sstart
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DBA
What is DBA?
--- DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
--- DBA is a scheme facilitating dynamic bandwidth assignment at an interval of ns and us.
Why DBA?
--- It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
--- More users can be added on a PON port.
--- Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring comparatively
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Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.
The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video
service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.
OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority
enjoy higher bandwidth.
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Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and services of
higher priorities, such as voice services.
Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services and data
services of higher priorities.
Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and services of
lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.
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In mode (a), services are mapped into different T-CONT queues, and then ONU schedules and outputs the data
In mode (b), all services are mapped into type5 queues, and type5 contains four types of sub-queues. Then,
ONU ONU schedules and outputs the data waiting in queues based on the OLT grants.
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ONU
DBA report
DBA algorithm
logic
Control
platform
BW Map
Data
platform
T-CONT
T-CONT
Time slot
Scheduler
T-CONT
DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm result in the
form of BW Map to ONUs .
Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to themselves and utilizes
the upstream bandwidth.
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OLT
D/S Direction
PCBd
ONT
US BW
Map
Payload
U/S Direction
Data
Report
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NSR-DBA Operation
NSR (Non Status Reporting)-DBA
NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the bandwidth
allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.
Procedure:
Step1: Monitor the number of cells received by OLT within the specified
interval.
Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization rate
with the specified limits.
D
Dj
Di
t
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GPON
DATA
TDM
Traffic-flow
Service
Scheduling
differentia
And buffer
based on
control
802.1p
Traffic-flow
Service
Scheduling
differentia
And buffer
based on
control
802.1p
OLT
GEM Port-id
Splitter
VOIP
VOD
GPON
DATA
TDM
Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) algorithms.
Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
and reliability.
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Ethernet
VOIP
BTV
bridging
GE/10GE
DATA
BSR
TDM
Nonblocking
switching
802.1p
COS
Queuing &
scheduling
GPON
DBA
GPON
OLT
Upstream service
traffic based on
different VLANs
TDM Gateway
PSTN
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1 End User
Decryption
1 3 2
1 3 1
OLT
1 3 2 1 3 1
End User
2
ONT
Decryption
Encryption
ONT
End User
3
Decryption
GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.
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FEC
9720 TSs
Data bytes of
codeword #1
Data bytes of
codeword #2
Data bytes of
codeword #3
PCBd
Data bytes of
codeword #4
Data bytes of
codeword #5
Data bytes
Data
bytes
Parity
Data bytes
Parity
Data bytes
Short
codeword
Codeword
Parity
Data bytes
Codeword
Parity
Data bytes
Codeword
Parity
Data
bytes
Codeword
Parity
PCBd
Codeword
Parity
Codeword
Data bytes of
codeword #6
9108 TSs
It is a algorithm based on Reed-Solomon, a Block based code. FEC code comprises fixedlength data block and redundancy bits.
Applying FEC algorithm on the transmission layer, GPON will drop the error bit rate of the
line transmission to 10-15, and avoid retransmission of data.
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Input
1:2 optical
splitter
Output
10 log(0.5) = - 3.01
Output
Input
2:N optical
splitter
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Class B
Class B
Class C
Minimum loss
5 dB
10 dB
13 dB
15 dB
Maximum loss
20 dB
25 dB
28 dB
30 dB
NOTE The requirements of a particular class may be more stringent for one
system type than for another, e.g. the class C attenuation range is inherently
more stringent for TCM systems due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at
each side of the ODN, each having a loss of about 3 dB.
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Unit
Single fibre
OLT:
OLT
dBm
+1.5
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
-28
Minimum overload
dBm
-8
dB
0.5
ONU
dBm
0.5
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
-27
Minimum overload
dBm
-8
dB
0.5
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ACS
Client
SNMP
TR069
OMCI
ONT
Zero configuration
BRAS
OLT
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Application scenario
1
Order Management
CRM
Service Provisioning
Billing
NMS 2000
3 Send terminals to users
1
User
STB
Access Network
2
ONT
ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number
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ONT
ONT
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CRM
Service Provisioning
Generating
activation code
4
Billing
UMS
3 Configure IADMS
Activation code generator
2 Configure SoftX
IADMS
7
Send activation code and terminal to users
Configure terminals automaticallythroughTR069
SoftX3000
Access Network
6 Input activation code
ONT
User
Phone
ONT
Phone
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Phone
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Phone
Daily management
Terminal activation
Service provisioning
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VoD Server
TL1/CORBA
/API
SFU
IPTV
Notification
Carriers OSS
Middle
ware
NMS
Phone
Ethernet
IP Core
MDU
CPE
Splitter
OLT
Intern
et
MSE
PC
BRAS
SBU
AAA Server
Phone
Softswitch
CBU
Base station
FE
E1
IP
Voice
CPE
ODN
NSP
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ASP/ISP
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CESoP mode
Native mode
E1/T1
ONT
With fixed
upstream/downstream
frame structure, periodic
multiframes are
transmitted in GPON
ODN
PSTN
first-born advantage.
BUSINESS
Splitter
E1/T1
OLT
ONT
ONT
CO
FE
E1/T1
PBX
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Video
1550nm
Customer
Central
Voice/Data
Office
Downstream
Premises
Voice/Data& Video
1490nm
OLT
(Optical Line Terminal)
1490/1310nm1550nm
Optical
Couplers
WDM
ONU
(Optical Network Terminal)
Upstream 1490nm
Optical Splitter
Video
Upstream
RF
Downstream
1310nm
1490nm
1550nm
Analog TV
Video
550Mhz
Digital TV
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860Mhz
HD/VOD
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IP
Thank You
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