1

Definition:

The orthogonal
trajectories are family of
curves having the property
that each curve in the plane
intersects a given original
family of curves at right
angles.
2

Step 1. Write the equation in the

family of curves in implicit form
F(x, y, c) = 0 where c is the
constant.
Step 2. Implicitly differentiate F(x, y, c)
= 0 with respect to x to find dy/dx.

Step 3. Eliminate c by using the

equations in steps 1 and 2 and
write the equation as y = f(x, y).
3

Step 4. The orthogonal trajectories are

then given by dy
1
dx

f ( x , y)

since each curve is perpendicular

to given family of curves.
Step 5. Solve the differential equation
determined in step 4.
4

Find the orthogonal trajectories of the

following family of curves.
1)

y = cx2

Solution:
F(x,y,c) = y cx2 = 0
dy
2 cx 0 or y = 2cx
dx

From

(i),

Substitute

y
x2

this to equation in (ii)

2y
y
y 2 2 x
x
x
5

thus, f(x, y) = 2 y

Therefore, the orthogonal trajectory is

dy
1
x

2y
dx
2y
x

2 ydy xdx

The equation in (iv) is separable, thus

2 ydy xdx
2

1
2

y x c
6

 This

curve shows family of ellipses

x2 y2

c
2
1

x2 y2

1
2c
c

Determine the orthogonal trajectory of each

given curve
1.
2.
3.
4.

x2 + y2 = c 2
xy = C
y2 = 4cx
y = cex

 Recall:

Proportionality

Two

quantities are said to be

proportional if they vary in such a way
that one of the quantities is a constant
multiple of the other, or equivalently if
they have a constant ratio.

 Direct

proportionality:
Given two variables x and y, y is
(directly) proportional to x (x and y
vary directly, or x and y are in direct
variation) if there is a non-zero constant
k such that
y = kx

10

relation is often denoted as y x

or alternatively y ~ x

The

and the constant ratio

y
k
x

is called the proportionality constant

or constant of proportionality

11

A certain population of bacteria is

known to grow at a rate proportional
to the amount present in the culture
that provides plentiful food and
space. Initially there are 250
bacteria, and after seven hours 800
bacteria are observed in the culture.

1.

Find an expression for the appropriate

number of bacteria present in the
culture at any time t.
12

 Continuation:

Problem 1

Determine the approximate number of

bacteria that will be present in the culture
after 24 hours.
Determine the amount of time it will take
for the bacteria described in problem 1 to
increase to 2500.

13

 Let

N(t) = no. of bacteria present at time t

dN/dt = growth rate of the bacteria
The required proportionality is
dN
N
dt
And

the differential equation is dN kN

dt

With k as the constant of proportionality

Solution of the DE

dN

kdt

ln N ln c kt

N Ce kt
14

Solve for k
Initially, there are 250 bacteria, thus
At t = 0, N = 250
250 Ce k ( 0 )

C 250

After 7 hrs, 800 bacteria are observed in the

culture, thus
16
At t = 7, N = 800 k 71 ln 5 0 .166
800 Ce k (7 )
800 250 e

7k

N 250 e 0 .166 t

N 250 e 0 .166 ( 24 )
N 13 .43

Number of bacteria after 24 hours:

15

A bacteria in a culture is known to

grow at a rate proportional to the
amount present. After one hour, 1000
bacteria are observed in the culture;
and after four hours, 3000.
Find an expression for the number of
bacteria present in the culture at any
time t.
Determine the number of bacteria
originally in the culture.
16

 In

a culture of yeast the amount of

active ferment grows at a rate
proportional to the amount present. If
the amount doubles in 1 hr, how many
times the original amount may be
anticipated at the end of 2 hr?

17

certain radioactive material is known

to decay at a rate proportional to the
amount present. If initially there is 100
mg of the material present and if after
2 years it is observed that 5 percent of
the original mass has decayed,
find an expression for the mass at any time t.
determine the time necessary for 10 percent
of the original mass to decay.

18

Let N(t) = amt of radioactive material at time t

dN/dt = rate of decay of the material
The required proportionality is

dN
N
dt
dN
kN
And the differential equation is
dt

With k as the constant of proportionality

Solution of the DE

dN

kdt

ln N ln c kt

N Ce kt
19

t
0
2

N
100
95

equation

(1)
(2)

100 Ce 0 C 100

from (2 )

95 Ce 2 k

19
e 2k
20
ln

The expression for the

mass at any time t is

N 100 e 0 .0256 t

from (1 )

95 100 e 2 k

The time necessary for

10 percent of the
original mass to decay

90 100 e 0 .0256 t
9
ln
ln e 0 .0256 t
10

19
2k
20

k 12 ln 19
0 .0256
20

t 4 .12

yrs

K is negative
20

certain radioactive material is known

to decay at a rate proportional to the
amount present. If initially there is 50
mg of the material present and after 2
hours it is observed that the material has
lost 10 percent of its original mass,
find an expression for the mass of the
material remaining at any time t.
determine the mass of material after 4hr.
determine the time at which the mass
has decayed to one-half its initial mass.
21

certain chemical dissolves in water at a

rate proportional to the product of the
amount undissolved and the difference
between the concentration in a saturated
solution and the concentration in the
actual solution. In a 100 g of a saturated
solution it is known that 50 g of the
substance is dissolved. If when 30 g of
the chemical is agitated with 100 g of
water, 10 g is dissolved in 2 hours, how
much will be dissolved in 5 hours?
22

 Recall:

Newton s Law of Cooling

Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate
of change of the temperature of an object is
proportional to the difference between its own
temperature and the ambient temperature (i.e.
the temperature of its surroundings or
environment). dT

dt

k T Te

Where T = temperature of the body/object

Te = temperature of the environment
k = is the constant of proportionality, k > 0
The negative sign in the equation is chosen to make
the rate of change negative for a cooling process.
23

 Newton's

Law makes a statement about

an instantaneous rate of change of the
temperature.
When Newtons Law is translated into a
mathematical statement, one will arrive
at a differential equation.
The solution to this equation will then
be a function that tracks the complete
record of the temperature over time.
24

 By

Newtons Law:

dT
k T Te
dt
dT
kT kT e
dt

which is linear in T with IF

dT kTdt kT e dt

Te

kt

v (t ) e

kdt

e kt

kT e e kt dt

Te kt T e e kt C

T T e Ce
25

kt

metal bar at a temperature of

100 0F is placed in a room at a
constant temperature of 00F. If
after 20 min the temperature of
the bar is 500F,
Find

the expression for the

temperature of the bar at any time.
Find the time it will take for the bar to
reach a temperature of 250F
Determine the temperature of the bar
after 10 min.
26

Suppose

that a corpse was

discovered in a room at midnight
and its temperature was 800F. The
temperature of the room is kept
constant at 600F. Two hours later
the temperature of the corpse
dropped to 750F. Find the time of
death. (98.60F is the normal body
temperature)
27

The

body at an unknown
temperature is placed in a room
which is held at a constant
temperature of 300F. If after 10
min the temperature of the body is
00Fand after 20 min the
temperature of the body is 150F,
find

an expression for the temperature

of the body at time t.
find the initial temperature of the
body just as it is placed into the room.28

Definition

of terms

In

chemistry, a solution is a
homogeneous mixture composed of
only one or single phase (phase is a
region of space throughout which all
physical properties of a material are
essentially uniform).
In such a mixture, a solute is a
substance dissolved in another
substance, known as a solvent. The
solvent does the dissolving.
29

Definition

of terms

The

solution more or less takes on

the characteristics of the solvent
including its phase, and the solvent is
commonly the major fraction of the
mixture.
The concentration (C) of a solute in a
solution is a measure of how much of
that solute is dissolved in the solvent;
it is the amount of a constituent (N)
divided by the total volume (V) of a
mixture.
N
C

30

 Fluids

versus liquids
All liquids are fluids but not all fluids are liquids.
The scientist (or engineer) will make that
distinction but the non-scientist frequently
doesn't.
Fluids flow (or deform) under an applied shear
stress. They include liquids and gases. Liquids are
a type of fluid that flows and takes the shape of
its container but does not expand to fill its
container; gases do that. Liquid is the second
state of matter, between solid and gas.
Liquids do not expand, gases do. The main point
is that gases and liquids are both fluids.
31

tank initially Vo gal of brine that

contains a lb of salt. Another brine
solution, containing b lb of salt per
gallon, is poured into the tank at
the rate of rin gal/min while,
simultaneously, a well-stirred
solution leaves the tank at the rate
of rout gal/min.

Find a differential equation for the

amount of salt in the tank at any time
t.

32

rin

gal
min

Rate at which the brine

enters the tank
gal
lb
rin min with b gal
Rate at which the salt
enters the tank

lb
gal

gal
rin min

lb
br in min

Q amt of salt
Concentration of salt in the tank
Let

r out

amt of salt
Q

volume of brine
V

V V0 rin t rout t

V0 initial volume
33

gal
min

 The

time rate of change of

the amount of salt is equal
to the rate at which the salt
enters the tank minus the
rate at which the salt
leaves the tank.

gal

rin min

r out Q
dQ
br in
dt
V 0 rin t r out t

r out Q
dQ

br in
dt
V 0 rin r out t

r out
With initial condition: t = 0

Q (0) a
34

gal
min

tank initially 100 gal of brine that

contains 2 lb of salt per gallon. At t = 0,
another brine solution, containing 1 lb
of salt per gallon, is poured into the
tank at the rate of 3 gal/min while,
simultaneously, a well-stirred solution
leaves the tank at the rate of 5 gal/min.
V 0 100 gal
rin 3 gal / min
r out 5 gal / min
a 2 lb / gal
b 1 lb / gal

35

 Continuation

of Flow Prob #2
Find a differential equation for the amount
of salt in the tank at any time t.

r out Q
dQ

br in
dt
V 0 rin r out t

5 dt

v ( t ) e 100 2 t

dQ
5Q

(1)( 3 )
dt
100 3 5 t
dQ
5Q

3
dt
100 2 t

Q ( 50

Q ( 50

5 dt
e 2 50 t

5 ln( 50 t )
e 2

5
t) 2
5
t) 2

( 50

5
t) 2

3 ( 50 t ) 2 dt

2 ( 50

3
t) 2

Q 2 ( 50 t ) C ( 50

5
t) 2

36

 Continuation

of Flow Prob #2
Determine when the tank will be empty.
Determine when the tank will hold 40 gal of
solution.
Find the amount of salt in the tank when it
contains exactly 40 gal of brine.
Determine when the tank will contain the
most salt.

37