Instrucciones de Perforacion

Diamond Products Training
Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited. 2012 Boart Longyear. All rights reserved.
Chris Lambert, Eng. Manager

April 2012
Drilling Guidelines
Section 6: Drilling Guidelines (3 hours)
Rotational Speed
WOB
Torque
Penetration Rate
RPI
Water Flow
Sharpening
Troubleshooting
Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

2012 Boart Longyear. All rights reserved.
Drilling Guidelines
Rotational Speed
Typical Values are listed left

Highest rotational speed produces highest
penetration with two conditions
Sufficient torque is available; If not
available, torque and speed values will
bounce around.
Sufficient weight on bit is available. If
not available, hydraulic pressure will be
maxed out and the bit will lose
penetration rate.
If one of these conditions is not met, bit
will begin to polish
To prevent bit polishing the rig
should be dropped down a gear to
produce more torque
The values will vary with bit and
formation combination
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Rpm
1501
1501
1501
1200
1200
1200
1200
949
949
949
949
748
748
748
586
586

Drilling Guidelines
Rotational Speed
Broken conditions:
Cut speed roughly in half from values listed in
chart, which will reduce wear due to loose
material. Loose material causes wear at a much
higher rate than stationary material.
Mud products will make a large difference in bit
performance in broken conditions.
UMX with its large diamond will have higher
penetration rates at lower rpms.

Drilling Guidelines
WOB
High and Low Values are listed left for 6 to 8 ipm in Mohs 8,
granite
Weight in bit is the primary control mechanism to produce
stable cutting.
Initially weight is added to sharpen the bit.
If insufficient weight is added the bit will begin to polish,
which can be detected in the sound of rod and the
declining torque values
At this point additional weight needs to be added to
sharpen the bit.
When sharpening with weight it tends to remove only
the are around the wear flat diamonds.
In a large diamond bit it may only be one or two
diamonds that pull out.
The penetration rate to get beyond the polishing mode
will be higher in UMX due to the larger diamonds
The following chart varies for every formation and bit
combination
UMX will take a larger increase in WOB to sharpen and
will have lower WOB once sharp.
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Low Lbsf
High Lbsf
1389
3472
928
2320
1207
3019
1498
3744
2000
5000
1617
4043
1708
4271
3055
7638
2271
5678
2789
6972
3264
8161
4582
11455
3697
9242
4846
12114
6897
17242
7181
17953

Drilling Guidelines
WOB
Constant WOB on bit will require changing holdback

pressure. Best practice is to check off bottom weight
once a rod is added. WOB is the difference between
drilling weight and off bottom weight. Since it is the
primary control mechanism driller needs to know how
to determine the WOB.
Broken Ground.
At half rpm increase until penetration rate of 1 to
2 ipm is reached
Sound will change; the rock will be breaking up
and feeding into the inner tube instead of rolling
around.
Mud products can make a large improvement in
bit life, core recovery and blocking.
EXAMPLE:
Hydraulic Pressure w/rods
suspended
1500 PSI (10.343 MPa)
Hydraulic Pressure w/bit
contacting bottom of hole
1000 PSI (6.895 MPa)
Off Pressure is the difference
500 PSI (3.448 MPa)
Total force on bit =
12.56 in2 x 500 PSI 6,280 lbf.
(81 cm2 x 3.448 MPa) (27,934 N)

Drilling Guidelines
Life vs WOB
450
8000
400
7000
350
300
Life (m)
5000
250
4000
200
3000
150
Weight on Bit (lbsf)
6000
Diamond
Polishing
2000
100
1000
50
0
0
Penetration Rate (ipm)
10
12
14
STD Bit
Life
UMX Bit
Life
STD Bit
WOB

Drilling Guidelines
WOB
To achieve the right combination of penetration and life

the weight should be increased in steps
Once stable cutting is achieved added weight will

increase the penetration proportionally to a point.
When the penetration rate increases very slowly or not at

all relative to the amount of weight added, the maximum
penetration rate has been achieved. In this rapid wear
mode, you will be able to hear the bit constantly stripping
This is a state of rapid wear and the rate should be

reduced to the desired penetration and life (see following
chart)
For UMX this penetration will be significantly higher due to

size of the diamonds but as they are free cutting, the life
can still be impaired at high weights.
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Low kn
High Kn
6
4
5
7
9
7
8
14
10
12
15
20
16
22
31
32

15
10
13
17
22
18
19
34
25
31
36
51
41
54
77
80
Drilling Guidelines
Life vs WOB
450
8000
400
7000
350
300
Life (m)
5000
250
4000
200
3000
150
6000
2000
100
Rapid Wear
50
1000
0
0
10
12
14
STD Bit
Life
UMX Bit
Life
STD Bit
WOB

Drilling Guidelines
WOB
In some cases, a combination of weight and water

restriction are used.
Water restriction tends to wear the whole surface of

the bit not just the wear flat diamond.
There are some situations were restricting water is

necessary due to limited weight as follows:
In long up-holes are rig may run out of weight.
On small rigs and larger barrels, the rig may

have insufficient weight, especially at the top
of the hole where there is no rod weight.
In this situation, it is important to anchor the

rig to ensure the weight and vibration of
sharpening does not shift the rig off the hole
10
Drilling Guidelines
Torque
Torque Is a result the weight on bit and the sharpness or

aggressiveness of the bit
During sharpening, the increased weight and friction causes

the torque to rise. Once the bit is sharp it will back down to
average values.
In some cases the torque increase is viewed as a negative

result and the weight pulled off the bit, causing the bit to go
into polishing mode.
Instead, torque should be viewed as a positive as it

represents the bit sharpening. Due its larger diamond UMX
bits will have a larger increase in torque during sharpening,
which is accompanied by more noise
Only when water restriction is used to sharpen a bit can

torque be negative as the bit may approach burning in.
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Torque (ft-lbs)
124
124
124
155
155
155
155
196
196
196
196
249
249
249
317
317

11
Drilling Guidelines
Power and Torque
800
70
700
60
600
Torque (ft-lbs)
50
500
40
400
Torque (ft-lbs)
30
Power(hp)
300
20
200
10
100
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
2500
Drill Speed (rpm)

12
Drilling Guidelines
Torque
Some rigs will be torque limited at a given speed. This is

more likely to happen using UMX due to the large diamonds
and increased torque at sharpening.
Insufficient torque will be characterized by fluctuating torque

and speed as the bit stays in the polishing mode limiting both
penetration and life.
In this instance the first step is to try increasing weight. If the

situation gets worse, then the rig does not have enough
torque.
The rig should be dropped down a gear and run at lower rpm
to generate sufficient torque for sharpening.
The penetration will still improve as the bits expose even

though a lower speed is being used. Once bit is exposed
speed can be increased as torque drops.
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Normal
Operation
Torque (N-m)
168
168
168
210
210
210
210
266
266
266
266
337
337
337
430
430

13
Drilling Guidelines
Penetration Rate
Is a function of the Weight applied, sharpness of the bit, bit

formula and the formation which is being drilled.
Penetration is used to monitor bit performance and adjust WOB
Penetration rates vary based on bit and formation
In medium hard granites (7.5 8.0 Mohs), 15 cpm should
obtain good life.
In softer rock (7.0 Mohs), rate of 20 30 cpm can be
obtained with good life.
In the hardest ground conditions, typically in iron ore, freecutting bits should be able to reach 5 cpm. Less
penetration than this risks polishing the bit.
In all bits increasing the penetration rate will reduce the life
UMX bits with its 2x larger diamond size will be capable of
much higher penetration rates (see chart).
In badly broken ground, the best performance is at 1 to 2
ipm in the worst case. In less broken conditions,
penetration can be faster.
14
Drilling Guidelines
Maximizing Life
450
8000
400
7000
Diamond
Polishing
300
6000
Life (m)
5000
250
4000
200
3000
150
350
2000
100
Rapid Wear
50
1000
10
12
14
STD Bit
Life
UMX Bit
Life
STD Bit
WOB

15
Drilling Guidelines
Maximizing Life
450
8000
400
7000
Diamond
Polishing
300
6000
Life (m)
5000
250
4000
200
3000
150
350
2000
100
Rapid Wear
50
1000
10
12
14
STD Bit
Life
UMX Bit
Life
STD Bit
WOB

16
Drilling Guidelines
Penetration Rate
Bit calculator being developed to help measure the cost of bit

life vs penetration.
Wire Drilling Surface
Tripping
Percent Uptime
Rod Length(m)
Core Length(m)
Wireline time (m/min)
Rod handling
Time(min/rod)
ROP(cpm)
Drilling Cost/hour
Bit Cost
Bit Life(m)
Depth(m)
70.00%
6
3
17.6
Data HQ
Tripping
Wireline Time
Depth
Time(hrs) (hrs)
Meters/shift
1333.33
1.26
6.48
35.76
1.75
13
$70.00
$300
500
# of
Tripping
Drilling
Wireline Wireline
Time
Total Time
meters/
cost/met
Time (hrs) pulls
Time(hrs) # of trips (hrs)
(hrs)
shifts
shift
Productivity Cost
er
333.00
5.12
111
17.66
1
2.43
36.02
3.00 110.94
14.22% $2,821
$8.47
1333.00
20.51
445 281.92
3
14.58
452.87 37.74 35.32
4.53% $32,601 $24.46
1000.00
15.38
334 264.26
2
12.15
416.85 34.74 28.79
4.53% $29,780 $29.78
17
Drilling Guidelines
RPI (Revolutions per inch of
Penetration)
This was a tool to determine an appropriate

penetration rate for a given rotational speed.
At the time it was developed impregnated bits had

much smaller diamonds and high rpms were used
to obtain penetration rate.
UMX runs at lower rpis than standard bits.
The values are now outdated as can be seen in the

following chart and the example shown.
This tool will be removed from our next catalog.
From Catalog:
To calculate the rpi
(r/cm) index, divide the
rotational
speed (rpm) of the bit
by the rate of
penetration,
e.g. 800 rpm divided by
4 in/min = 200 rpi, or
(800
rpm divided by 10
cm/min = 80 r/cm).
IDEALLY AIM FOR
200 - 250 rpi
(80 - 100 r/cm)

18
Drilling Guidelines
RPI
250
Lowest previously recommended RPI
225
Penetration rate (rpi)
200
175
150
125
Actual
Penetration
Data
100
75
50
25
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
Drill Speed (rpm)

19
Drilling Guidelines
Water Flow
Water flow is required to keep the bit cool,

flush chips and achieve good bit life.
The volumes are recommended based on

amount of cuttings at 15-20 cpm. Higher
rates should have higher volumes.
Water flow can be increased beyond this,

though at some point the water flow will lift the
bit off the rock face, causing the bit to polish.
Free-cutting bits obtain maximum life and

penetration using plenty of water. This is
especially true of UMX due to its high
penetration rates
Tough bits may need to be sharpened with

reduced water flow.
Size
Aq
ltk48
Aqtk
ltk60
BQ
btw
BQTK
NQ
NTW
NQTK
NQ3
HQ
HTW
HQ3
PQ
PQ3
Fluid
Volume
Range
LPM
18
12
16
20
26
21
23
40
30
37
43
61
49
64
91
95

20
Drilling Guidelines
Sharpening
The preferred method of sharpening free-cutting bits is to

increase weight until penetration rate increases to desired
value.
The increased weight, increases matrix contact with the rock

and the friction wears down the matrix next to the wear flat
diamonds causing them to pull out. UMX will require a higher
increase in weight and be louder during sharpening. As long
as sufficient water is flowing the bit will not burn in.
This leaves only the sharp diamonds cutting. Once the wear
flat diamonds are pulled out, penetration increases. At this
point the weight should be reduced to get the desired
combination of life and penetration.
Tough bits may need to be sharpened with reduced water flow.

The additional chips wear the matrix, sharpening the bit. This
may be the case for up-holes and under powered rigs as well.

21
Drilling Guidelines
Troubleshooting:
Torque Fluctuation
Caused by unstable rock fragmentation/insufficient rock penetration. Need to establish

secondary fracturing
Typical response is to reduce weight which polishes bit
Keep weight on part. If it does not stabilize add weight or reduce rpm
Torque and Speed Fluctuation
Limited in Hydraulic power rig cannot support rpm and torque

Typical response is reduce weight which polishes bit
Definitely need to reduce rpm
Stripping
Indicated by initial increase in torque and increased noise

Some have reduced weight in response to noise
Keep on weight until penetration rate increases
Back off weight as appropriate based on life vs. penetration
Shutting off water or reducing water should be second resort
22
Drilling Guidelines
Low Life
Can be caused by unstable rock fragmentation/insufficient rock penetration. Need to establish

secondary fracturing. Prematurely wears bit.
Need to get proper penetration rate before life will be achieved
Keep weight on part. If it does not stabilize add weight or reduce speed
Can be caused by excessive weight.
Monitor penetration rate back off weight when it gets high
Increase water flow to recommended values or higher to ensure chips are flushing
Excessive sharpening either to maintain penetration rate or out of habit. The correction is to use a
freer cutting bit, and or encourage sharpening only when penetration rate drops.
Sharpening using restricted water flow tends to remove a whole layer of matrix rather than just the
wear flat diamonds. This should be limited to situations like up-holes or underpowered rigs where
sufficient weight is not available.
If in broken conditions low life is caused by loose material. Slow down rpm to half and use WOB to
get a relatively low penetration rate 1-2 ipm to get bit life.
Low penetration rate relative to current bits
Can be caused by unstable rock fragmentation/insufficient rock penetration (Polishing). Need to

establish secondary fracturing. Prematurely wears bit.
Need to get proper penetration rate before life will be achieved
Keep weight on part. If it does not stabilize add weight or reduce speed
23
Drilling Guidelines
New Bit
IDEAL WEAR PATTERN

The face wear pattern of an
impregnated bit should be relatively
flat with slightly chamfered sides. Bit
feels sharp, comet tails have formed
to support diamonds. Diamonds
release from matrix as they are worn.
Gauge stays within tolerance.

24
Drilling Guidelines
NORMAL
RETIREMENT
Full depth of impregnation
evenly consumed. Gauge
stays within tolerance.
CONCAVE FACE WEAR

(rounded to ID)
Cause: (A) Often caused by excessive
penetration rate for the rpm used
rpi (r/cm) too low. Also can be caused
by core grinding, overdrilling.

25
Drilling Guidelines
CONCAVE FACE WEAR
(rounded to OD)
Cause: (A) Insufficient water flow
Check pump and rod string for
leaks;
increase pump output.
GAUGE LOSS ID
Cause: (B) Broken formations
Cement or change to a lower bit; (C)
Drilling over lost core Check core
barrel/core lifter/core lifter case;

26
Drilling Guidelines
GAUGE LOSS OD
Cause: (A) Lack of circulation
increase coolant flow rate. (B) Bit being
reamed down under-size hole Check
reamer shell gauge and replace if
under-sized. (C) Vibration alter rpm.
(B) Broken formations Cement or
change to a lower bit;
EXCESSIVE DIAMOND EXPOSURE

Matrix abrades away before diamonds
have worn sufficiently, resulting
in high diamond exposure and low bit life.
Caused by overfeeding/over drilling
reduce bit weight rpm. (A) Lack of
circulation increase coolant flow rate.

27
Drilling Guidelines
FACE GLAZED
(Diamond polished and metal bound)
Bit does not feel sharp; diamonds flush w
matrix; no significant comet tails
behind each diamond. Sand blast face or use
other recommended methods
to re-expose diamond. If the face glazes
repeatedly, change to a higher bit or lower rpi
CRACKED WATERWAYS
(diamonds polished)
Cause: (A) Excessive bit load; dropped rods;
free fall of (wireline) inner tube
in dry hole; (B) bit crushed by rod holder, foot
clamp or pipe wrench; (C)
Pushed down an undersized hole (i.e.,
reaming shell worn out).

28
Drilling Guidelines
BURNT
Cause: (A) Lack of fluid. (B) Too high a bit
weight being used. Check pump and rod
string for leaks, check inner tube
adjustment. Maintain coolant flow rates.
BLANK PARTED
Cause: (A) Drilling in broken ground.

29
Drilling Guidelines
Excessive Erosion
Embedding Formation

30
Drilling Guidelines
Rung out to OD
Rung out to ID

31

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Diamond Products Training

Chris Lambert, Eng. Manager

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Typical Values are listed left

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Constant WOB on bit will require changing holdback

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Weight on Bit (lbsf)

Penetration Rate (ipm)

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

To achieve the right combination of penetration and life

Once stable cutting is achieved added weight will

When the penetration rate increases very slowly or not at

This is a state of rapid wear and the rate should be

For UMX this penetration will be significantly higher due to

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Weight on Bit (lbsf)

Penetration Rate (ipm)

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

In some cases, a combination of weight and water

Water restriction tends to wear the whole surface of

There are some situations were restricting water is

In long up-holes are rig may run out of weight.

On small rigs and larger barrels, the rig may

In this situation, it is important to anchor the

Torque Is a result the weight on bit and the sharpness or

During sharpening, the increased weight and friction causes

In some cases the torque increase is viewed as a negative

Instead, torque should be viewed as a positive as it

Only when water restriction is used to sharpen a bit can

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Drill Speed (rpm)

Some rigs will be torque limited at a given speed. This is

Insufficient torque will be characterized by fluctuating torque

In this instance the first step is to try increasing weight. If the

The penetration will still improve as the bits expose even

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Is a function of the Weight applied, sharpness of the bit, bit

Weight on Bit (lbsf)

Penetration Rate (ipm)

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Weight on Bit (lbsf)

Penetration Rate (ipm)

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Bit calculator being developed to help measure the cost of bit

This was a tool to determine an appropriate

At the time it was developed impregnated bits had

UMX runs at lower rpis than standard bits.

The values are now outdated as can be seen in the

This tool will be removed from our next catalog.

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

Lowest previously recommended RPI

Penetration rate (rpi)

Drill Speed (rpm)

Water flow is required to keep the bit cool,

The volumes are recommended based on

Water flow can be increased beyond this,

Free-cutting bits obtain maximum life and

Tough bits may need to be sharpened with

Company Confidential Unauthorized use or distribution prohibited.

The preferred method of sharpening free-cutting bits is to

The increased weight, increases matrix contact with the rock