Assalamualaikum wr.

Wb
E. A Lintang Wardyani
H0713059

General Definition
Nematodes are roundworms,
and those that attack plants are
microscopic.
The damage they caused to
plants is often subtle and easily
confused with nutrient
problems

General Characteristic of Nematodes

a. Most nematodes are very small, even microscopic
b. 0.25 mm to 3 mm long ( 1 / 100 " to 1 / 8 ") and cylindrical,
tapering toward the head and tail
c. colorless;
d. most live hidden in soil, under water, or in the plants or
animals they parasitized
e. relatively few have obvious direct effects on humans or
their activities
f. Females of a few species lose their worm shape as they
mature, becoming pear-, lemon- or kidney- shaped
g. possess all of the major organ systems of higher animals
except respiratory and circulatory systems.
h. The body is covered by a transparent cuticle, which bears
surface marks helpful for identifying nematode species

Morphology
A nematode has:
1. Digestive organs
2. Reproductive
organs
3. Excretory
structures
4. Muscles
5. Nerves
6. Tough skin or
Cuticle

Disease Symptoms
The symptoms of nematode disease are
commonly those of root impairment, such as
growth reduction,
increased wilting,
mineral-deficiency symptoms,
decreased winter-hardiness,
and dieback in perennials
For more details there are two ways to
distinguish the symptoms

Disease Symptoms
Top Symptoms:
transform floral parts
producing characteristic galls in place of normal
seeds.
produce galls and distortion in leaves and stem.
swelling and distortion of stems and leaves.
foliar discoloration.
however, the above ground symptoms of nematode
infection are indirect and are rather nondescript,
such as reduction in vigor, stunting, yield decline, or
chlorosis.

Foliar SymptomsAerial View

Foliar Symptoms
Oval Pattern

Foliar SymptomsPlant Death

Foliar SymptomsStunting

Foliar SymptomsLeaf Yellowing

Foliar SymptomsStunting

Foliar SymptomsSlow Decline

Foliar SymptomsToppling

Disease Symptoms
Root Symptoms:
apical root-galling
apical galling
Lesion nematodes produce characteristic lesions in
the root cortex of plants.
Female cyst nematodes can be seen on the roots of
host plants if the soil is carefully removed from the
roots. Care must be taken to discriminate cysts
from legume nodules, however.
Soil clings to a gelatinous matrix secreted by the
citrus nematode, causing infected citrus roots to
appear dirtier than uninfected ones.

Root Symptoms- Galling

Root Symptoms- Cyst Nematodes

on Roots

Root SymptomsPeanut Pod Galling

Root SymptomsLesions

Root Symptoms
Sweet Potatoes

Root Symptoms Irish Potatoes

Root SymptomsPotato Rot Nematode

Root SymptomsSprangling

Classifications:
The majority of plant parasitic
nematode species are in the class
Chromodorea, order Rhabditida
(formerly placed in the order
Tylenchida). There are some major
types of nematode feeding
strategies used by plant parasitic
nematodes

Nematodes may be grouped by feeding habit as:

Ectoparasitic: nematodes feed on plant tissues
from outside the plant;
Endoparasitic: nematodes feed inside the
tissues.
Semi-endoparasitic: part of body inside plant
tissues.
By movement when feeding, they are called:
Sedentary mostly immobile during their life
Migratory mobile for all their life.

Feeding Habits of Some Plantparasitic Nematodes

Root-knot

Lesion

Feeding Habits of Some Plantparasitic Nematodes

Cyst

Ring

Feeding Habits of Some Plantparasitic Nematodes

Stubby root

Reniform

The Important Groups

Root-knot nematode
Reniform nematode
Burrowing and lesion nematodes
Sugar-beet cyst nematode
Foliar nematode

Root-knot Nematodes
Root-knot nematodes belong to the genus Meloidogyne. The
two most common species in Hawaii are M. incognita
(southern root-knot) and M. Javanica (Javanese root-knot);
other species are present but occur less frequently.
The root-knot nematodes feed and mature inside the roots of
plants. Their feeding induces abnormal enlargements of the
root called galls. The root-knot nematode does not survive
very long without a host plant, except in very low numbers
and probably in the egg stage.
Diagnosis: Root galls are the primary symptom of
root-knot nematodes. Species identification requires
laboratory assay.

Reniform nematode
The reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, feeds
on many cultivated and noncultivated plants. The
juvenile stages and males live in the soil and do not feed.
The adult female is swollen and is the only parasitic stage
of this nematodes life cycle. The female inserts her head
and neck into the root, leaving her body outside of the
root. The reniform nematode survives in the soil as eggs
and coiled juveniles.
This nematode causes root rotting and reduced uptake
of water and soil nutrients.
The symptoms are general lack of vigor and
discoloration of foliage, and (or) stunted plants.
Diagnosis: The reniform nematode can be accurately
diagnosed only through laboratory assay of a soil sample.

Burrowing and lesion nematodes

Adult burrowing nematodes (Radopholus similis) and
lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) cause root rot.
These worm-shaped nematodes are migratory, living
most of their life, including the hatching and feeding
stages, inside the roots and sometimes the lower
stem of their host plants. They can move through the
soil from one root to another during their life cycle.
Diagnosis: The root rot caused by this nematode is
not characteristic for diagnosis. It is necessary to have
the soil and roots assayed to determine the numbers
and kinds of species present; root assays are the most
reliable.

Sugar-beet cyst nematode

Sugar-beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), is
priarily a problem on cabbage, broccoli, and cauli
flower. This nematode penetrates the root, and the
female enlarges as it matures to become a white,
lemon-shaped structure that breaks through the root
surface at maturity. When the female dies, her body
turns brown. Eggs survive inside the dead female
body (called a cyst) for many years.
Diagnosis: Direct observation of the organism with a magnifying glass is helpful,
because the white cysts are about the size of the period at the end of this
sentence. Root aphids are also white, so some experience may be needed to
differentiate between these two white structures clinging to the roots.
Confirmation by a diagnostic laboratory is recommended.

Foliar nematode
Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. ritzema-bosi, and A.
fragariae feed inside foliage. The entire
nematode life cycle is completed in the leaves.
Plants can be stunted with deformed, discolored,
or dying leaf tissue; dieback can also occur.
Diagnosis: Accurate identification requires laboratory assay of leaftissue samples.

References
https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/SCOUT/Nematodes.pdf
http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/docs.htm?docid=9628
Jimmy R. Rich and Stanley B. Hendley, IFAS/NFREC
Introduction to Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Their
Management. University of Florida
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pd-15.pdf

Thanks for your attention

Wassalamualaikum wr. wb