What is Energetics?
Enthalpy Changes Related to Breaking and
Forming of Bonds
Standard Enthalpy Changes
Experimental Determination of Enthalpy
Changes by Calorimetry
Hesss Law
Calculations involving Standard Enthalpy
Changes of Reactions
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What is energetics?
Energetics is the study of energy changes
associated with chemical reactions.
Energy Changes
Related to Breaking
and Forming of Bonds
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Standard Enthalpy
Changes
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Alkali
NaOH
KOH
NH3
NaOH
Hneu
-57.1
-57.2
-52.2
-68.6
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Hsoln(kJ mol-1)
-44.7
+3.9
-57.8
+20.0
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H1 = -2220 kJ
2C3H8(g) + 10O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(l)
H2 = -4440 kJ
H2 = ?
Hc = -2220 kJ mol-1
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Substance
Hc (kJ mol-1)
H2(g)
C (diamond)
C (graphite)
CO(g)
CH4(g)
-285.8
-395.4
-393.5
-283.0
-890.4
Experimental
Determination of
Enthalpy Changes
by Calorimetry
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Types of calorimeter
Bomb calorimeter
Bomb calorimeter is a type of calorimeter used in measuring the
heat
of combustion of samples which can be burned in oxygen.
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Types of calorimeter
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Thermometric titration
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The H is determined by
measuring the temperature
change as known volume
of NaOH (aq) is titrated
with HCl.
The temperature is
recorded at regular
intervals.
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Hc is always
negative
Hc can be used to
give the energy
values of fuels and
foods
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The temperature of
water is recorded at
regular time interval.
Hc = q/n
Where m = is the mass of water in the calorimeter,
c = is the specific heat capacity of the water,
T = is the temperature change of the
the water in the calorimeter
n = mass of the compound combusted
molecular mass
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HF (g)
HCl (g)
HBr (g)
HI (g)
Hf
-269
-92
-36
+27
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Hesss Law
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Hess Law
Route 1
H1
H2
H3
B
Route 2
H1 = H2 + H3
Hess Law
The enthalpy change in the chemical reaction is the same
whether the change is brought about in one stages or
through intermediate stages.
The enthalpy change is independent of its path as long
as the reactants and products are the same.
Route 1
H1
H3
H2
B
Route 2
H1 = H2 + H3
The
46 enthalpy change in the reaction A C is the same with ABC
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Sample problem:
1. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CH4
given the following:
Hc of methane
-890.2 kJ/mol
Hc of hydrogen
-285.7 kJ/mol
Hc of graphite
-285.7 kJ/mol
Hf [CO(g)]
+ O2(g)
H1
CO2(g)
H2
Hf [CO(g)] + H2 = H1
Hf [CO(g)] = H1 - H2
= -393.5 - (-283.0 )
= -110.5 kJ mol-1
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CO(g)
Hf [CaCO3(s)]
CaCO3(s)
H2
H1
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Hf [CaCO3(s)] = H1 + H2
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Calculations involving
Standard Enthalpy
Changes of Reactions
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Hf = Hc [products] - Hc [reactants]
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