AGING AND CELLS

ACHMAD AMINUDDIN

AGINGAND CELLS

AGING is a normal proesses accompanied by

a progressive alteration of the bodys
homeostatic adaptive responses.
GERIATRI is the special branch of medicine
that deals with the medical problems
and care of elderly persons.
GERONTOLOGY is the scientific study of the
process and problems associated with
aging.

CELLS

Many millions of new cells normally are

produced each minute.
Skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells donot
devide, because they are arrested permanently
in the Go phase.
Other cell types, have only a limited capability
to devide.
Cessation of mitosis is a normal, genetically
programmed event.

AGING GENE

Aging gene are part of the genetic blue- print at birth. These
genes have an important function in normal cells, but their
activities slow over time. They bring about aging by slowing
down.
TELOMERES, specific DNA sequence found only at the tip of
each chromosome, protectthe tip of chromosome from erosion
and from sticking to one another. In most normal body cells
eah cycle of cell division shortens the telomeres. After many
cycles of celldivision, the telomere can be completely gone
and even some of the functional chromosomal material may be
lost. Erosion of DNA from the tip of our chromosome
contributes greatly to aging and death of cells.

GLUCOSE

Play a role in the aging process.

It is haphazardly added to proteins inside and
outside cells, forming irreversible cross-link
between adjacent protein molecules.With
advancing age, more cross-links form,which
contributes to the stiffening and loss of
elasticity tha occur in aging tissue.

FREE RADICALS

Produce oxidative damage in lipid, proteins, or nucleic acid by

stealing an electron to accompany their unpaired electron.
Some effects are wrinkled skin, stiff joints, and hardened
arteries.
Normal aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria,produces
some free radicals.
Normally occuring enzymes in peroxysomes and and in the
cytosol, normally dispose dispose of free radicals.
Free radicals are present in air polution, radiation and certain
foods.
Antioxidants ; vitamin E, vitamin C, betacarotene, zinc, and
selenium.

PROGERIA

A disease characteristic by normal development in the

first year of life followed by rapid aging.
The condition is expressed by dry and wrinkled skin,
total baldness and birdlike facial feature.
Death usually occur around age 13.
Although caused by a genetic defect in which
telomeres are considerably shorter than usual,
progeria is not an inherited disorder, but a congenital
( present at birth ) abnormality inthe genes.

WERNER SYNDROME

WS is a rare, inherited disease that causes a

rapid acceleration of age, ususally while the
person is only in his or her twenties.
Characteristized by wrinkling of the skin,
graying of the hair and baldness, cataract,
muscular atrophy, and a tendency to develop
diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular
diease.
Most afflicted individuals die before age 50.

AGINGAND TISSUES
The younger body
- better nutritional state.
- its tissue have better blood suply.
- its cells have a higher metabolic rate.
* cells can synthesize needed material and
devide more quickly.
As the body ages

AGING AND TISSUES

As the body ages

- Glucose is haphazardly added to protein
inside and outside cells forming irreversible
cross-links between adjacent protein molecule
- With advancing, more cross-link form which
contributes to the stiffnening and loss of
elasticity.
- Collagen fibers

AGING AND TISSUES

As the body ages

- Collagen fibers, resposible for the strength of
tendons, increase in number and change in
quality with aging. These changes in collagen
of arteries as much as the fatty deposits associated with atherosclerosis.
- Elasti, another extracellular component, is
responsible for tthe elasticity of blood vessels and
and skin. It thickens, fragmens, and aquires a greater
affinity for calcium with age --- change that may also
be associated with the development of atherosclerosis.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

PEPTIC ULCER DISASE.

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
- the most prevalent disorders of connective
tissue ( rheumatoid arthritis )
SJORGREN S SYNDROME
- is a common autoimmune disorder that cause
inflamation and distruction of exocrine gland
especially lacrimal and salivary glands.
- systemic effects include fatique, arthritis, difficulty
in swallowing, pancreatitis, pleuritis, and muscle
and joint pain.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- A distinguishing feature of lupus is butter
rash
- Other skin lesions may occur, including blistering and ulceration.
- Complications, inflamation of kidney, liver,
lungs, heart, brain and gastrointestinal tract.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

- Is a chronic inflamatory disease of connetive
tissue occuring mostly in non white women
during their childbearing years.
- An autoimmune disease that can cause tissue
damage in every body system.
- Sign and symptoms include painful joints,
low-grade fever, fatique, mouth ulcer, weight
loss, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sensitivity to
light,rapid loss of large amounts of scalp hair and
anorexia.

AGING AND BONE TISSUE

From birth through adolescence, more bone tissue is produced

than is lost during bone remodeling.
In young adults the rates of bone deposition and resoption are
about the same.
As the level of sex hormone diminished during middle age,
especially in women after menopaus, a decrease in bone mass
occur because bone resorption by osteoblast outpaces bone
deposition by osteoblst.
In old age, loss of bone through resorption occur more rapidly
than bone gain.
Because women' s bone generally are similar and less massive
than man s bones to begin with, loss of bone mass in old age
typically has a greater adverse effect in female.These factors
contribute to the higher incidence of osteoporosis in females.

AGING AND BONE TISSUE

There are two principle effects of aging on bone tissue: loss of

bone mass and brittleness.
Loss of bone mass result from demineralization, the loss of
calcium and other mineral from bone extracellular matrix.
This loss usually begin after age 30 in female, accelerates
greatly around age 45 as level of estrogens decrease, and
continues until as much as 30 % of the calcium in bone is lost
by age 70. Once bone loss begin in female, about 8 % of bone
mass is lost every 10 years.
In male, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age
60, and about 3 % of bone mass is losst every 10 years.
The loss of calcium from bones is one of the problems in
osteoporosis.

AGING AND BONE TISSUE

The second principle effect of aging on the skeletal system,

brittleness, result from a decrease rate of protein synthesis.
The organic part of bone extracellular matrix, mainly collagen
fibers,give bone its tensile strength.The loss of tensile strength
causes the bone to become very brittle and susceptible to
fracture
In some elderly people, collagen synthesis slows, in part, due
to deminished productin of human growth hormone.
In addition to increasing the susceptibility to fractures, loss of
bone mass also leads to deformity,pain, loss of height, and loss
of teeth.

OSTEOPOROSIS

The basic problem is that bone resorption outpaces bone

deposition.In large part thi due to depletion of calcium from
the body more calcium is lost i urine, feces,and sweat than is
absorbed from the diet. Bone mass become so depleted that
bone fracture, often spontaneous ly, under the mechanical
stresses of every day living.
Older women suffer from osteoporosis more often than men
for two reasons; Womens bones are less masive than mens
bones, and production of estrogens in women declines
dramatically at menopause, but production of main androgen,
testos teron,wanes gradually and only slightly in older men.
Estrogen and testosteron stimulate osteoblast activity and
synthesis of bone extracellukar matrix.

OSTEOPOROSIS

Risk factors include family history of the disease, thin

or smaal body build, inactive lifestyle, cigarette
smoking,diet low in calcium and vitamine D, alcohol,
and certain medication.
In post menopausal women, its treatment include
estrogen replacement therapy ( low doses of
estrogens ) or hormone replacement therapy ( a
combination of estrogen and progesterone, another
sex steroid ).
Although such treatment help combat osteoporosis,
they increase cell metabolism in the entire boy, which
may increase a womens risk of breast cancer.

RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA

Are disorders in which bones fail to

calcify.Although the organic matrix is still
produced, calcium salt are not deposited, and
the bones become soft or rubbery and easily
deformed.
Rickets affects the growing bones of
children.Because new bone formed at the
epiphysial plates fail to ossify, bowed leg and
deformities of the skull, rib cage and pelvis.

RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA

Osteomalacia, ome time called adult rickets

New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify .
This disorder causes varying degrees of pain and
tenderness in bone, especially in the hip and leg.
Bone fractures also result from minor trauma.
Rickets and osteomalacia are typically caused by a
deficiency of vitamin D,either due to insufficient
sunlight or a lack of vitamin D in the diet.
A recombinant human parathyroid hormone, called
Forteo, built bone tissue by stimulating osteoblasts.

AGING AND JOINTS

Aging usually results in decreased production

of synovial fluid in joint.
The articular cartilage becomes thinner with
age and ligamentss shorten and lose some of
their flexibility.
The effects of aging on joints are influenced by
gentic factors and by wear and tear, and vary
consideraly from one person to another.

AGING ANDJOINTS

Although degenerative change may begin as early as

age 20, most chang do not occur until much later.
By age 80, almost every one develops some type of
degeneration in the knees, elbows, hips and
shoulders.
It is also common for elderly individuals to develops
degenerative changes in the vertebral column,
resulting in hunched-over posture and pressure on
nerve roots.
Stretching and aerobic exercises that attempt to
maintain full range of motion are helpful in
minimizing the effects of aging