OSI AND TCP/IP

LAYER
S

OSI

TCP/IP

7)

Application

6)

Presentation

5)

Session

4)

Transport

HOST-TO-HOST

3)

Network

INTERNET

2)

Data Link

PHYSICAL OR

1)

Physical

NETWORK ACCESS

APPLICATION

LAYERS:
APPLICATION: HTTP,FTP,SMTP.
PRESENTATION: ASC II, JPEG, PGP.
SESSION: BOOTP, Net BIOS, DHCP, DNS.

TRANSPORT: TCP, UDP, SPX.

NETWORK: IP, IPX, ICMP.

DATA-LINK: ETHERNET, TAKEN RING, FRAME-RELAY.

PHYSICAL: BITS, INTERFACES, HUBS.

IP-ADDRESS:
- it is a logical address which is use to uniquely identify a system in a N/W
VERSIONS:
1) IPV4:
- 32-bits = decimal.

2) IPV6:
- 128-bits = Hexadecimal

CLASSES OF IP-ADDRESS:
- A- [ 1 -126]

{GENERAL NETWORKING}

- B- [128- 191]

{PRIVATE ADDRESSING}

- C [192- 223]

{PUBLIC IP- ADDRESSING}

-- D [224-239]

{MULTICATING ADDRESSING}

-- E- [240-255]

CLASS A,B and C

Generally used by us

{RESERVED FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT}

-PARTS OF IP-ADDRESS:
- 1) NETWORK
2) HOST
- S.M(SUBNET MASK): It is used to distinguishing B/W the N/W ID & Host ID.
- Following are the default subnet mask
- 1) A- 255.0.0.0
- 2) B- 255.255.0.0
- 3) C- 255.255.255.0

NUMBER OF RESERVE BITS

FOR
N/W
Most significant bit(MSB)/HIGH
ORDER BIT
- A(0) 1-126

| N/W = 8-1= 7

| H = 24
- B(10) 128- 191

| N = 16-2 =14
| H = 16

- C(110)- 192-223

| N = 24-3 = 21
|H=8

- To calculate No. of N/W = 2n-2 (only for A-class and for finding default N/W not for
sub netting)
- And for class B & C (only for Sub netting) = 2n
- to calculate No. of host N/W = 2H-2

RESERVED
ADDRESSING
A) 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
- Default routing used by CISCO router. Any unknown packets will be forwarded to next
hop address.
B) 127-127.0.0.1
- loopback address/ LAN card testing address.

- testing cmd: ping 127.0.0.1

C) 255- 255.255.255.255
- Local Broadcast address.

D) N/W address:
- 10.0.0.0/172.16.0.0/192.168.10.0
E) Direct Broadcast address:

- 10.255.255.255/172.16.255.255/192.168.10.255

CIDR(CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN

ROUTING)

255.0.0.0/8
255.128.0.0/9
255.192.0.0/10
255.224.0.0/11
255.240.0.0/12
255.248.0.0/13
255.252.0.0/14
255.254.0.0/15
255.255.0.0/16
255.255.128.0/17
255.255.192.0/18
255.255.224.0/19
255.255.240.0/20
255.255.248.0/21
255.255.252.0/22
255.255.254.0/23
255. 255.255.0/24
255. 255.255.128/25
255. 255.255.196/26
255. 255.255.224/27
255. 255.255.240/28
255. 255.255.248/29
255. 255.255.252/30

ACLASS
BCLASS

CCLASS

SUB-NETTING
- it is the process of breaking down an IP N/W into small-small N/Ws.

BENEFITS OF SUBNETTING:
1) it reduces routing table, easy to manage
2) traffic control and performance increase.
3) flexible and scalable.

ROOT SUMMERIZATION:
- it is known as root aggregation also, it is use to control routing updates by sending single routes instead
multiple routes.
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24

192.168.3.0/24

192.168.4.0/24
192.168.5.0/24

192.168.7.0/24
192.168.6.0/24

VLSM AND FLSM

- Fix LAN Subnet Mask.
- Variable LAN Subnet Mask.

- Both are use to create N/W.

FLSM:
- all the LAN are fix, therefore chances of wasting the host N/W is high.

VLSM:
-There are variable LAN So, chances of using a HOST N/W is less.
-- the use of No. of host depends on the required host for connecting LAN etc.

ROUTER:
- it is a layer-3 device which is used to moves or forwards data packets from N/W to N/W.
Or
- a device which is used to connect different different N/W.
Functions:-

1) packet switching
2) packet filtering
3) path selection

4) internetwork communication.
SERIES OF ROUTERS:
- 1000

-1600-1605/1620

- 1700-1720/21/50/51

-1800

- 2500/2600/2800/3600/3700

INTERFACES/PARTS OF ROUTERS
1) Ethernet/ Fast Ethernet/ Gigabyte Ethernet ------ it is use to connect LAN.
2) AUI(Attachment User Interface) it is used to connect LAN.

3) BRI(Basic Rate Interface)- it is use to configure ISDN line.

4) Serial Port- this port is used to connect router to router via. Across over serial cable. Its
standard Is V.35/V.24.

- A serial cable has two ends

DCE need clock

A) DCE(Data Communication equipment)

B) DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)

rate/pulse to activate
it

5) AUX- AUXILLARY PORT- it is used to configure leased line or modem connectivity.

- optional it is use manage IOS remotely.

6) console port it is used to manage IOS via. Console cable or rolled over cable.

COMPONENTS OF A ROUTER:
1) RAM- it holds running configuration.
2) NVRAM- it holds startup configuration(saving configuration).
3) FLASH- it holds IOS(.bin).

4) ROM-it holds mini IOS(trouble shooting).

CISCO MODEL:
3) Core layer- - - - - - - - BACK bone layer

2) Distributed layer - - - - - - Router - - routing

1) Access layer - - - - - - - Switching/server
TYPER OF ROUTER

FIXED ROUTER

MODULAR ROUTER

No flexibility to add interface

Facility to add interfaces

E.g.; 2500

E.g.; 1700/1800/2600/ etc.

CABLE
TYPES:
1) Straight Through Cable: - it is used to connect different devices such as
A) Computer to switch/ computer to HUB
B) switch to router/HUB to router

2) Cross over cable :- it is used to connect same devices such as

A) computer to computer/ switch to switch/ Hub to HUB
B) Router to Router/ Server to Router(exception case).

3) console cable:- it is used to manage CISCO IOS.

4) Rolled over cable it is used to manage IOS via. DB-9(DATA BOX-9).

INTRODUCTION TO IOS
Every router and switch has its own O/S, known as IOS(it is a binary file).
## BOOTING SEQUENCE OF IOS:
1) Postpower on self test it will check hardware parts.

2) Boot Strap Code

- find the IOS flash(.bin)
- it loads the IOSRAM

- it looks for valid configuration

VRAM: if configuration found, it loads the configuration-RAM.
Taking Backup: R1# copy flash tftp

Restoring Backup: R1# copy tftp flash

ROUTING:
It is a process of sending data packets from N/W to N/W
TYPES:

1) Static Routing: the process of manually entering the IP ADDRESS by an ADMIN.

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

1)
2)

1)

It is easy to configure and recommended for small N/W

Strong security and performance

If any changes occurred in the N/W then the whole N/W should
be reconstructed.

2) Default static Routing: any unknown packet will be forwarded to next hop address.
(it will set the gateway of last resort.) - - R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

192.168.1.2

3) Dynamic Routing: it is the process of automatically discovering neighbor N/Ws.

- dynamic routing is the process of discovering the neighboring N/W automatically it is also
use for creating routing table(it is use to select best route).
Eg: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF

REQUIREMENTS TO CONFIGURE A
ROUTER:
1) router with power cable
2) console cable
3) computer with any O.S
S/W)

4) application programs(Hyper terminal, putty

ROUTER USER INTERFACE MODE:- it has 3 modes:

1) user mode/ view only mode.
- router>

2) Enable Mode/ privilege Mode .

- router>en
-router#

3) Configuration mode.
-router#config t
-riuter(config)#

-- STATIC ROUTING(AFTER ASSIGNING IP_ADDRESSES TO THE ROUTER(ALL)

CONNECT THEM USING FOLLOWING COMMANDS):

- static routing is for low No. of connection N/W & for security.
R1# sh ip route
R1(config)# ip route 192.168.3.0

255.255.255.0

192.168.1.2

R1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0

255.255.255.0

192.168.1.1

-- DYNAMIC ROUTING(dynamic routing is the process )

- ROUTING PROTOCOL TYPES::

1) Distance Vector- Bell Man Ford Algo.
2) Link state Routing(Find Shortest Path).

3) Hybrid: combination of distance & Link State Routing

ADMINISTRATIVE DISTANCE:
It is the measurement used by CISCO router to select the best route when there are TWO or
MORE routes for the same distance N/W.

- there are default ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES.

#Routing Source

Symbol

- Connected

- Static

- RIP

120

- EIGRP

90

- OSPF

A.D.V

110
RI
P

RIP

ROUTING PROTOCOL METRIC:

Metric is a mathematical calculated value which is used to select the best route when there
are two or more than the two routes are present.

If both routes are equal I AD value & metric also same, then router will maintain load
balancing.
It sends the data alternately in all the same distance path.

AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM:
It is a collection of N/W under the same Administrative Domain where same routing protocol
is running.
It is identified by No. i.e.; 1-65535.

- IGP- These are those protocols which are used to create an autonomous system.
Eg; RIP, EIGRP, OSPF.
-EGP These are those protocols which are use to connect Autonomous system.

Eg; BGP
1)

CLASSFULL

It does not include subnet mask info. When routers

are advertised, instead it uses broadcast address
i.e. 255.255.255.255
E.g.: RIPv1

CLASSLESS
It includes subnet mask information when router
are advertised. It uses multitasking address.
E.g: RIPv2 224.0.0.9
EIGRP- 224.0.0.10
OSPF- 224.0.0.5/224.0.0.6
- It supports VLSM/CIDR
- It supports MD-5 Authentication

PASSWORD FROM ROUTER SERVER:

ENABLE
P/W

CISCO PASSWORD TYPES:

ENABLING PASSWORD:

CONSOL
E P/W

- R1(config)# line console 0

- R1(config-line)# password CISCO

- R1(config-line)# login

TELN
ET
P/W

AUXILLA
RY P/W

Enable secret always overwrite

the enable password

-R2(config)# enable password CISCO1

-R2(config)# enable secret CISCO2

-R3(config)# line vty 0 4

-R3(config-line)#password CISCO3
-R3(config-line)# login

AUXILLARY PASSWORD: it only

works on original CISCO routers

RIP:
1) it is a Distance vector routing protocol
2) it is based on Bell Man Ford Algo.
3) it is an open standard So it supports Multi Vendor equipment
4) Its Administrative Distance Value= 120, Metric Count= Hop count
5) Maximum allowable Hop counts, 15,16 the unreachable.
6) in every 30 seconds entire routing table are send to neighbor routers.
7) it having 2 versions.
RIPv1

RIPv2

1)

It is class full

It is class less

2)

It supports FLSM design

It supports VLSM/CIDR

3)

It uses broad cast address

It uses multicast address

i.e.; 255.255.255.255

i.e.; 224.0.0.9

It not supports Authentication

It supports Authentication

4)

EIGRP (ENHANCED INTERIOR

GATEWAY
ROUTING
PROTOCOL)
1) It is a hybrid Routing protocol/advance distance Vector Routing Protocol.
2) It is a classless Routing protocol(It supports VLSM/CIDR).
3) It is a CISCO proprietary protocol. So it supports only CISCO product.
4) It is based on DUAL(diffusing Update Algo.), it is FAST converged.
5) Its administrative Distance Value = 90, It uses Multicast address i.e; 244.0.0.10.
6) Its Metric = bandwidth, delay, load, MTU & reliability.
7) Maximum allowable Hop Count = 255(Default is 100).
8) 9) RTP(Reliable Transport Protocol) is used to send the updates reliability.
10) It understand Autonomous System No.s is used to enable EIGRP protocol.

OSPF ( OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST )

1) It is a Link State Routing Protocol and a classless routing protocol.
2) Base on Dijkstra Algo.(SPF), Its Administrative Distance = 110, Metric = Cost.
3) It is a Open Standard. So it Supports MULTIVENDER EQUIPMENTS.

4) It is fast converged, It uses multicast address 224.0.0.5/224.0.0.6

5) Hello protocols is used to send triggered updates to the neighbor router.
REQUIRMENTS FOR CONFIGURATION OSPF ROUTING PROTOCOL:

1) Process ID- it is used to enable OSPF protocol.

- it is locally significant, it can be any No. (1-65535).
2) Area ID- Indicates which N/W it belongs to, it is globally significant

- it can be any No. (0-4294967295)

- area 0 is the backbone area- Any other area must be connected to area 0.
3) Wild card mask- it is reserved for subnet mask 255.0.0.0--- 0.255.255.255/255.255.0.0---

ACCESS CONTROL LIST:

- It is use to filter IP traffic passing through the router.
- IP-traffic can be out-bound as well as in-bound it is use to apply to the interfaces to the
router.
TYPES OF ACL:

1) Standard ACL- it is used to identify by No. i.e;(1-99). It is used to filter source address
only.
2) Extended access list- identify by No. i.e;(100-199).
It is use to filter source as well as destination address.
It is also used top filters a specified port, and application etc.
ACL Terms:
1) Inbound ACL, RT.
2) outbound RT, ACT
3) Wildcard it is the reserved of subnet Mask.

DHCP (DYNAMIC HOST CONTROL

It is used to provide IP-AddressPROTOCOL)
information to the N/W computers automatically.
IP-Address information include:

IP-ADDRESS

SUBNET
MASK

DNS etc.

It works on port No. 67 and 68.

-- DHCP scope/pool

It is a range of IP-ADDRESS from which DHCP allocates the IP-ADDRESS to N/W

computer.
HOW DHCP WORKS: There are 4-steps process.

DHCP

(4) DHCP ACK

(3) DHCP Request

(2) DHCP Offset

(1) DHCP Discover

CLIEN
T

WAN(WIDE AREA N/W)

It is N/W of N/Ws, it is used for global access.

WAN CONNECTION TYPES:

1) Dedicated switching(point-to-point)- leased line connection(using cross wire).
Eg; t1/t2 etc(railway and bank NW) [They are high speed line provided by service provider]

2) circuit switching dial-up connection

Eg; ISDN/Dial-up(telecommunication) removable used according to the requirement.
3) Packet Switching:

Eg; Frame-Relay (always connected, but low bandwidth)

WAN PROTOCOLS
1) HDLC (High Level Data link Control):

- It is an encapsulation method, a Data Link Layer Protocol.

- It is CISCO proprietary protocol, by default it is Enable on serial interface.
- It does not support Authentication/ Encrypt/ Compression.

2) PPP( Point-To-Point):
- It is a data link layer Protocol, Open Standard and Encapsulated Method.

- It supports authentication/ Encryption/ Compression.

# Components of PPP
- LCP (Link Control Protocol)

- NCP (N/W Control Protocol)

FRAME-RELAY:
- It is a packet Switch Technology Frame-relay is used to establish connectivity between
DEC and DTE devices. DCE is always FRAME-RELAY site.

- It is a Data-Link Protocol.

DLCI (Data-Link Connection Identifier)

- It is used to create virtual circuit.

- It is identified by No. i.e; (16-1007).

- DLCI No. is Provided by Frame-Rely service Provider.

LAN SWITCHING
LAN communication terms:
1) Broadcast Packet are addressed for every computer in the N/W.

2) Multicast packet are addressed for a group of computers in a N/W.

3) Unicast packet are addressed for a specific computer in a N/W.

LAN Communication Devices:

SWITCH

COMPUTER

HUB

ROUTER

NIC Card/
LAN Card

VARIOUS
CABLE
TYPES

SWITCH
- It is use to create a LAN and by default switch is a Broadcast Domain.
- Every Port in a switch is a collision Domain.
- By default every switch has a default VLAN ports are in the same.
- VLAN which is known as default VLAN-1.
- Switch has the ability to create MAC Table, So switch take the decision on the basis of
MAC address how to send the frames.
WHAT IS VLAN

- Group of ports in a single small broadcast domain is known as VLAN.

- VLAN is used segment the switch.

VTP ( VLAN TRACKING PROTOCOL)

It is used to carry VLAN information from switch to switch.

It register a VTP domain with a VTP mode server.
SERVER

TRANSPARENT

CLIENT

1)

Default Mode

We have to make it

We have to make it

2)

It is globally significant

Locally significant

Depends on other

3)

Create VLAN

Create VLAN

--------

4)

Modify VLAN

Modify VLAN

---------

5)

Delete VLAN

Delete VLAN

--------------

6)

It is propagated to every switch

Receive and send the updates, but it Receive and sends the update
will not share own information

STP(Spanning Tree Protocol)

It is used to avoid loops in a switched N/W, by default it is enabled

LISTENIN
G

LEARNIN
G

STP modes:
FORWARDIN
G

BLOCKIN
G

DISABLED

NAT(NETWORK ACCESS POINT)

It is used to translate PRIVATE IP Address into Public IP-Address and Vice-Versa.

It is use to converse IP-Address.

TYPE:

STATIC NAT(One-onOne)

It is used to translate a
single private IPAddress into a single
Public IP address into a
single into Public IPAddress say
192.168.10.2
200.200.100.10

DYNAMIC NAT(MANYTO-MANY)
It is used to translate a
pool of private IP-Address
into pool of public IPAddress
(One-to-One)
200.200.100.8
200.200.100.10
-192.168.10.2
200.200.100.8
-192.168.10.3
200.200.100.9

PAT(PORT ADDRESS
TRANSLATION):
It is used to translate
multiple IP-Address into a
single Public IP-Address.
It is known as overloading
200.200.100.10
200.200.100.10
-192.168.10.2200.200.100.10
-192.168.10.2200.200.100.10

NAT TERMS:
1) Inside Local Private IP-Address
2) Inside Global registered public IP-Address.

3) Outside Local public IP-Address such as FTP server/SMTP server

4) Outside Global public IP-Address.