Bone
Fall 2006
Introduction
Introduction
Bone is a relatively hard and lightweight
composite material, formed mostly of
calcium phosphate
Bone can be either compact or
cancellous (spongy). Cortical (outer
layer) bone is compact
Cortical bone accounts for 80% of the
total bone mass of the adult skeleton
Introduction
Introduction
Bone cells
Bone cells
Bone cells
Osteogenesis
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Origin of cells
Osteoblasts come from mesenchymal
cells and are directly involved in the
bone matrix production
Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts are
responsible for maintenance of the bone
matrix
Origin of cells
Chondroblasts- form cartilage which is
associated with bone required for bone
growth
Osteoclasts are involved in bone
resorption (breakdown) and remodeling.
The number in adults is small
Bone lining cells inactive cells found on
the surface of the bone and may used as
precursors for osteoblasts
Terms
Tendons- connective tissue that
connects muscle to bone
Ligaments connective tissue that
connects bone to bone
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
The perchondrium is converted into
periosteum and ostioblasts become
apparent in the inner layer of the
periosteum. These form a layer of bone
around the diaphysis.
Primary ossification center is established
in the central portion of the shaft as a
result of capillaries and osteblasts that
migrate into that region
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Secondary center of ossification occurs
at each epiphysis
Osteoblasts in this area produce spongy
bone that replaces the cartilage at the
epiphyses.
A thin layer of articular cartilage to
reduce the friction at joints (bone to
bone)
Endochondral Ossification
The epiphyseal plate or growth plate is a
thin region of cartilage between the
diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones
Increased length of long bones involves
action of both chondrocytes and
osteoblasts at the growth plate
The chondrocytes closest to the
epiphyseal side of the growth plate are a
part of the reserve zone (stem cell zone)
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Degradation of the growth plate cartilage
is important in allowing bone formation to
occur at a normal rate
Growth plate turnover is the rate at which
the condrocytes progress through the
varying zones
Intramembranous ossification
Increases in diameter of growing bone
through appositional growth
Osteoblasts that differentiate from the
periosteum deposit new bone matrix
within the periosteum
Osteoblast activity is highest for those
cells that surround the periosteal blood
vessels
Intramembranous ossification
New osteons are produced as a result of
the concentric deposition of bone that
results from the action of osteoblasts and
the formation of osteocytes
These new osteons contribute to
compact bone and increase the overall
outside diameter of the bone
Bone Resorption
Bone Resorption
Bone Resorption
Types of marrow
Red marrow chief blood cell forming organ
of the adult and is found in spongy bone of
the epiphysis of long bones and main
bodies of ribs, sternum and vertebrae
Yellow marrow composed mainly of
adipose tissue and found in the medullary
cavity of bones
Bone Remodeling
Osteoblasts form osteons (basic
functional unit of compact bone) by
osteogenesis whereas osteoclasts
destroy osteons by resorption.
The balance between these two yields
net bone deposition
As animals age, bone resorption may
exceed formation and bone mass
decreases
Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling
Increased force of muscles will result in
increased bone growth where tendons
connect to bones
The amount of stress is closely related to
the degree of mineralization and porosity