By
Megat Shariffudin B. Hj. Zulkifli
(GM03958)
Scope of Presentation
Introduction
Overview of the eBidding System
Problem Statement
Research Objectives
Research Framework
Hypotheses
Methodology
Data Analysis
Findings
Summary
Policy and Practical Implications
Theoretical Implications
Limitations of the Study
Recommendations for Future Research
Introduction
eBidding Overview
Source: (home.eperolehan.gov.my,2009)
Reverse Auctions
1. Buyer
Posting a Product
Request
Supplier
1
Supplier
2
S3
Supplier
3
Buyer
(Government)
5. Buyer Buys at
Lowest Cost
4.Seller
Lower
Profit but
Fast Sale
S
2
S3
2.Suppliers
Bidding Against
Each Other
Pushing down
Price
3.Buyer Compares
the Price Offers and
reach Decision
eBidding Overview
Introduced in 2006 as ePerolehan module
Electronic bidding mode where the Buyer (Government) get the
Suppliers to compete interactively online to reach lowest price
offer to the Buyer
Criteria:
o Involve multiple MoF-registered Suppliers with single
procuring agency (Buyer)
o Session is online and real-time
o Bidding session is set within a period of time (2 weeks)
o Final price is derived from competitive lowest price
o Maximum of 6 sessions can be held at one time
Comparisons:Conventional/Manual
1. Acquisition time
2. Price Offers
3. Procurement decision
-making
- 1 to 3 months
- Fixed by Suppliers
- Time consuming
eBidding
- 1 to 14 days
- Multiple bids lower prices
- Immediately (up to 7 days) ;
shorter cycle time for suppliers
6
Source : http://www.casb.com.my, 2012
Problem Statements
Current eBidding adoption is Low, but planned adoption by
Government is high since Launched in 2006
For example, in 2012, out of 888,866 procurement
transactions, only 606 transacting units via eBidding.
eBidding Status
Source : http://home.eperolehan.gov.my/v2/index.php/bm/mengenai-ep/statistik-sistem-ep
Problem Statements
Low Usage
Low eBidding utilization detrimental to Governments
aspiration for e-Government procurement reverse
auctions implementation
Losses in terms of development costs, cost and time
savings, service delivery efficiency and transparency
Validation issue
Gaps in the body of knowledge in terms of public
sector reverse auctions adoption empirical studies
Not many empirical studies conducted to ascertain
the causes of low utilization of G2B procurement
auctions among the government users.
9
Research Objective
To examine the User Factors and System
Factors that Influence eBidding Utilization
among Government Sourcing Officials in
Malaysian Public Sector
11
Specific Objectives
11
Performance
Expectancy
Experience
H1a
H2a
H1
H2b
H4a
H3a
Effort Expectancy
H2
Social Influence
Facilitating Conditions
Information
Quality
System Quality
H3
H4
eBidding
Adoption
H5
H6
H7
Service Quality
H7a
H6a
H5a
Satisfaction
12
Hypotheses
H1: Performance expectancy is significantly related to officials adoption
of eBidding
H2: Effort expectancy is significantly related to officials adoption of
eBidding
H3: Social influence is significantly related to officials adoption of
eBidding
H4: Facilitating conditions is significantly related to officials adoption of
eBidding
13
Continue..
H6a: Satisfaction significantly mediates relationship between system quality and
eBidding Adoption
H7a: Satisfaction significantly mediates relationship between service quality and
eBidding Adoption
H1a: PIIT positively moderates the relationship between performance expectancy
and eBidding adoption
H2a: PIIT positively moderates the relationships between effort expectancy and
eBidding adoption
H2b: Experience negatively moderates the relationship between effort expectancy
and eBidding adoption
H3a: Experience negatively moderates the relationship between social
influences and eBidding adoption
H4a: Experience positively moderates the relationship between facilitating
conditions and eBidding adoption
14
15
Study Instruments
Section
Variables
No. of
Items
Source
Performance
expectancy (PE)
Effort expectancy
(EE)
Facilitating
conditions (FC)
Information quality
(IQ)
16
Study Instruments
Section
Variables
No. of
Items
Source
Service quality
(SVQ)
Satisfaction
Experience
Personal
Innovativeness in
Domain of IT (PIIT)
Adoption/Use
Respondents profile
Researcher
17
Data
Analysis
Interpretation of
Results
Data
Collection
Answer for
research
questions
Discussion
Goodness of
data
Reliability
Validity
Hypothesis
testing
Appropriate
statistical
(SEM,
Hierarchical,
Regression)
RMSEA,
TLC, NFI, Chisquare, etc
18
DATA ANALYSIS :
STRUCTURAL MEASUREMENT MODELING
DATA ANALYSIS:NORMALITY
Normality test examine data from normal distribution examine the central tendency and dispersion
Tests for Mean, Standard Deviation, Skewness and
Kurtosis.
22
23
Results
H1
Supported
H2
Supported
H3
Supported
H4
Supported
H5
Supported
H6
H7
Past
Empirical Studies
Not
supported
Not
Halonen and Martikainen (2011) found service quality of
supported the system is not significant in the use of an IS system
24
Results
Supported
H5a
Supported
H6a
Supported
H7a
H1a
H2a
Not
Supported
Not
Supported
Past
Empirical Studies
25
H2b
H3a
H4a
Results
Past
Empirical Studies
Not
None.
Supported One possible explanation is that users prior
experience with similar e-auctions e.g. Lelong
and eBay not affected the perception of the IS
ease of use
Not
None.
Supported Possible explanation is that users past
experience not affected the effects of peer
pressure of using IS
None.
Users prior experience not affected the
Not
perception of availability of infrastructure/facilities
Supported supporting the system.
26
SUMMARY
The user behavior factors (performance expectancy ;
effort expectancy; social influence & facilitating
conditions) significantly related to eBidding adoption,
including IQ.
System quality and service quality are proven to be not
significantly associated with eBidding adoption
Experience and personal innovativeness in IT (PIIT)
are confirmed not to exhibit moderating effects on
relationships between user factors and eBidding adoption
Satisfaction is found to have a full mediating effect on
system quality and adoption and partial mediating effect
on information quality with adoption and service quality
with adoption of eBidding
27
SEM
is
30
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
31
THANK YOU
32
Notes
33
Literature Review
Literature
Global eG
Developmen
t
Malaysias
eGovernme
nt
ePerolehan
Online
Reverse
Auctions
Overview of
eBidding
Overview of
Established
theories of
User
Acceptance
TAM1,
Diffusion of
Innovation
UTAUT
Theoretical and
Empirical
Studies
User
Factors->
Behavioral
Intention
System
Quality
Factors>
Behavioral
Intention
Personal
Innovativene
ss on IT>
Behavioral
Intention
Models
Compariso
ns
Theoretical and
Empirical
Studies
User &
System
Quality
Factors>
Adoption
Behavior
Mediator role
of User
Satisfaction
Moderator
Factors on
the User
Factors ->
Adoption
Behavior
Problems
Statement
& Study
Objectives
Theoretical Models
Unified Theory of Acceptance and
Use of Technology (UTAUT)
(Venkatesh et al., 2003)
Construct
No
1.
2.
Performance Expectancy
(PE)
PE1
PE2
PE3
PE4
4.
Composite
Reliability
Cronbach's
Alpha
.75
.92
.929
.79
.94
.932
.7
.9
.908
.888
.949
.831
.798
3.
Factor
loading
Average
Variance
Extracted
(AVE)
.948
.974
.897
.703
.873
.879
.686
.888
.886
.787
.763
.733
.95
.66
.88
3
7
Construct
No
5.
8.
9.
.822
.803
.735
.957
.7
.9
.72
.91
.891
.568
.906
.899
.969
.878
Cronbach's
Alpha
.891
7.
Composite
Reliability
IQ2
IQ4
IQ5
IQ6
6.
Factor
loading
Average
Variance
Extracted
(AVE)
.65
.88
.67
.89
.892
.53
.82
.818
.803
.883
.78
.754
.756
.934
.911
.638
.76
.66
.69
.80
3
8
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
Adoption/Use (X2)
.660**
EE (X3)
.643**
.771**
SI (X4)
.462**
.809** .605**
FC (X5)
.129
SQ (X6)
.683**
.039
IQ (X7)
.423**
SVQ (X8)
.437**
Satisfaction (X9)
.710**
.522**
1
1
1
1
3
9