Seminar

On

Introduction

Gastrointestinal hormones are

biologically active polypeptides
Hormones fall into one of the two
families
1. Gastrin family Primary members are
gastrin and cholecystokinin
2. Secretin family members are secretin
glucogon, VIP, GIP and Glicentin

Enteroendocrine Cells
Hormones secreting
cells of GIT.
Identified in mucosa of
stomach, small intestine
and colon.
Cells that manufacture
amines in addition to
polypeptides are AMINE
PRECURSOR UPTAKE
DECARBOXYLASE
CELLS.

Mechanism of GI hormones
Animation

GASTRIN
Major physiological regulator of
gastric acid secretion
Site of production G cells in the
lateral wall of the glands in the
antral portion of gastric mucosa
Gastrin is a linear polypeptide with
macroheterogeneity and
microheterogeneity
Predominant circulating form is
gastrin-34
Full biological activity in gastrin-14
or mini gastrin
Gastrin-17 is the principle form with
respect to gastric acid secretion.

Control and physiological

effects of gastrin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion and
pepsin secretion
Promotes growth of gastric mucosa and
stimulation of gastric motility
Stimulates insulin secretion after
proteinaceous meal

Pathology of Gastrin
Zollinger Ellison
syndrome is
characterized by
multiple peptic
ulcerations in
stomach,duodenum
and Jejunum owing
to excess gastrin
secretion by tumor
(Gastrinomas)

Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Site of secretion Cells in

the mucosa in the first
segment of small intestine
Control and physiological
effects
Causes contraction of
gallbladder
Responsible for secretion
of pancreatic juice rich in
enzymes
In brain, regulates food
intake
Inhibits gastric emptying
Enhances the secretion of
enterokinase

Disease states
CCK deficiency has been described in
humans as part of autoimmune
polyglandular syndrome and was
manifest as a malabsorption syndrome

Secretin

1.

2.
3.

Site of production- S
cells that are located in
glands of mucosa of
the upper portion of
small intestine
Physiological effectsIncreases secretion of
bicarbonate ions by
the ducts cells of the
pancreas and biliary
tract
Augments the action of
CCK
Decreases gastric acid
secretion and
contraction of pyloric
sphinctor

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Site of production- K cells in the mucosa
of Duodenum an Jejunum
Inhibits gastric secretion and motility
GIP also known as GLUCOSE
DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC
POLYPEPTIDE

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Site of production- found in nerve of

gastrointestinal tract
Physiological effects
1. Stimulates intestinal secretion of electrolytes
but inhibits gastric acid secretion
2. Causes relaxation of intestinal smooth
muscles
3. Causes dilatation of peripheral blood vessels

Pathology of VIP
VIP secreting tumors
are VIPomas have
been observed in
patients with severe
diarrhea

Peptide YY

1.

2.

Site of productionReleased from small

intestine and colon
Physiological effects
Reduces appetite in
normal and obese
subjects
Inhibits gastric acid
secretion and motility

Ghrelin

Site of production synthesis occurs in

epithelial cells lining the fundus of
stomach
Physiological effects
1. Stimulation of growth hormone
secretion
2. Central as well as peripheral
administration increases food intake

Disease states
PRADER-WILLI Syndrome
is a disorder in which
patients develop extreme
obesity with
uncomfortable appetite. It
is a complex disease with
several defects
One of its causes is
excessive secretion of
ghrelin

Somatostatin

Site of production secreted by D cells in

the pancreatic islets and
gastrointestinal mucosa
Exist in tissue in two forms
1. Somatostatin 14
2. Somatostatin 28

Physiological effects
1. Inhibits secretion of other GIT
hormones
2. Inhibits gastric acid secretion and
motility
3. Inhibits gall bladder contraction and
absorption of glucose, amino acids and
triglycerides
4. Inhibits growth hormone secretion

Pharmacologic Uses
Somatostatin and its synthetics
analogues are used to beat a variety of
neoplasms
Also used to treat Gigantism and
Acromegaly

Motilin
Site of production
Secreted by
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN
cells and MO-cells in the
stomach, small intestine
and colon

Physiological effects
Major regulator of migrating motor
complexes
Increases the duration MMCs and
regulates intestinal motility during
interdigestive phases

Other GIT hormones

Other hormones
Neurotensin
Substance P
Gastrin releasing peptide
Glucagon
Guanylin
Glicentin
Cells secreting GIT
polypeptide can form tumors.
50% are gastrinomas,25%
are Glucagonomas. Others
are VIPomas and
Neurotensinomas