PHYSICS
Course Coordinator
Prof. Dr. Beire Gnl
INTRODUCTION
Crystalline Solids
Electrical resistivity of
three states of solid
matter
How can this be? After all, they each contain a system of
atoms and especially electrons of similar density. And
the plot thickens: graphite is a metal, diamond is an
insulator and buckminster-fullerene is a superconductor.
CONTENT
CHAPTER 1.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Elementary Crystallography
CHAPTER 2.
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
X-ray
Diffraction
Bragg equation
X-ray diffraction methods
Laue Method
Rotating Crystal Method
Powder Method
Neutron & electron diffraction
CHAPTER 3.
INTERATOMIC FORCES
NaCl
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
Van der waals bonding
Hydrogen bonding
CHAPTER 4.
CRYSTAL DYNAMICS
Sound wave
Lattice vibrations of 1D cystal
Heat Capacity
Density of States
Thermal Conduction
Energy of harmonic oscillator
CHAPTER 5.
FREE ELECTRON THEORY
REFERENCES
Core book:
Solid state physics, J.R.Hook and H.E.Hall,
Second edition (Wiley)
Other books at a similar level:
Solid state physics, Kittel (Wiley)
Solid state physics, Blakemore (Cambridge)
Fundamentals of solid state physics, Christman
(Wiley)
More advanced: Solid state physics, Ashcroft and
Mermin
EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Elementary Crystallography
Typical Crystal Structures
Elements Of Symmetry
Objectives
By the end of this section you should:
18
matter
Crystal Structure
19
Gases
Crystal Structure
20
Crytals
22
ELEMENTARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SOLID MATERIALS
CRYSTALLINE
POLYCRYSTALLINE
AMORPHOUS
(Non-crystalline)
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure
23
Types of Solids
Crystal Structure
24
Crystalline Solid
Crystal Structure
25
Crystalline Solid
Amorphous
Solid
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure
26
Polycrystalline Solid
Polycrystalline
Pyrite form
(Grain)
Crystal Structure
27
Amorphous Solid
Crystal Structure
28
29
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
What is crystallography?
The branch of science that deals with the geometric
description of crystals and their internal
arrangement.
Crystal Structure
30
Crystallography
Crystallography is essential for solid state physics
Crystal Structure
31
ELEMENTARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
is
32
CRYSTAL LATTICE
What is crystal (space) lattice?
In crystallography, only the geometrical properties of
the crystal are of interest, therefore one replaces each
atom by a geometrical point located at the equilibrium
position of that atom.
Platinum
Platinum surface
(scanning tunneling microscope)
Crystal Structure
Crystal Lattice
y
An infinite array of
points in space,
Each
point
has
identical
surroundings to all
others.
Crystal Structure
34
Crystal Structure
Crystal Structure
35
Basis
A group of atoms which describe crystal structure
y
y
C
F
b
O
D
E
G
A
b
O
Crystal structure
Crystal Structure
+ Basis
38
Crystal Lattice
Crystal Structure
39
Nb film
Crystal Structure
40
Honeycomb
41
Rn = n1 a + n2 b
42
Lattice Vectors 2D
Crystal Structure
43
Lattice Vectors 3D
An ideal three dimensional crystal is described by 3
fundamental translation vectors a, b and c. If there is a
lattice point represented by the position vector r, there is
then also a lattice point represented by the position
vector where u, v and w are arbitrary integers.
r = r + u a + v b + w c
Crystal Structure
(1)
44
Crystal Structure
45
Unit Cell in 2D
Crystal Structure
S
46
Unit Cell in 2D
The choice of
unit cell
is not unique.
S
a
Crystal Structure
47
48
Crystal Structure
49
Crystal Structure
50
Crystal Structure
51
Crystal Structure
52
Crystal Structure
53
Crystal Structure
54
Unit Cell in 3D
Crystal Structure
55
Unit Cell in 3D
Crystal Structure
56
Crystal Structure
57
UNIT CELL
Primitive
Single lattice point per cell
Smallest area in 2D, or
Smallest volume in 3D
Simple cubic(sc)
Conventional = Primitive cell
58
Crystal Structure
60
1
a1 ( x y z )
2
1
a2 ( x y z )
2
1
a3 ( x y z )
2
c
a
62
c
a
63
b
a
Crystal Structure
64
Unit Cell
65
V = a1.(a2 x a3)
(vector products)
Crystal Structure
66
Crystal Structure
67
Wigner-Seitz Method
A simply way to find the
primitive
cell which is called WignerSeitz
cell can be done as follows;
1.
2.
3.
68
Wigner-Seitz Cell - 3D
Crystal Structure
69
Crystal Structure
70
Crystal Directions
Fig. Shows
[111] direction
71
Examples
210
X=1,Y=,Z=0
[1 0]
[2 1 0]
X= ,Y=,Z=1
[ 1]
[1 1 2]
Crystal Structure
72
Negative directions
Z direction
[n1n2 n3 ]
R = n 1 a + n 2 b + n 3c
Direction must be
smallest integers.
(origin) O
- X direction
- Y direction
Y direction
[n1n2 n3 ]
X direction
- Z direction
Crystal Structure
73
Examples of crystal
directions
X=1,Y=0,Z=0
[1 0 0]
X = -1 , Y = -1 , Z = 0
Crystal Structure
[110]
74
Examples
Crystal Structure
X =-1 , Y = 1 , Z = -1/6
[-1 1 -1/6]
[6 6 1]
75
Crystal Planes
The set of
planes in
2D lattice.
Crystal Structure
76
Miller Indices
Miller Indices are a symbolic vector representation for the
orientation of an atomic plane in a crystal lattice and are defined as
the reciprocals of the fractional intercepts which the plane makes
with the crystallographic axes.
To determine Miller indices of a plane, take the following steps;
1) Determine the intercepts of the plane along each of the three
crystallographic directions
2) Take the reciprocals of the intercepts
3) If fractions result, multiply each by the denominator of the
smallest fraction
Crystal Structure
77
Example-1
Axis
Intercept
points
Reciprocals
Smallest
Ratio
1/1 1/ 1/
1
0
0
Miller ndices
(100)
(1,0,0)
Crystal Structure
78
Example-2
Axis
Intercept
points
Reciprocals
(0,1,0)
Smallest
Ratio
1/1 1/ 1 1/
1
1
0
Miller ndices
(110)
(1,0,0)
Crystal Structure
79
Example-3
(0,0,1)
Axis
Intercept
points
Reciprocals
(0,1,0)
(1,0,0)
Smallest
Ratio
1/1 1/ 1 1/ 1
1
1
1
Miller ndices
Crystal Structure
(111)
80
Example-4
Axis
Intercept
points
1/2
Reciprocals
(0,1,0)
(1/2, 0, 0)
Smallest
Ratio
1/() 1/ 1 1/
2
1
0
Miller ndices
Crystal Structure
(210)
81
Example-5
Axis
Intercept
points
Reciprocals
1/1
1/
1/()
Smallest
Ratio
Miller ndices
Crystal Structure
(102)
82
Example-6
Crystal Structure
83
Miller Indices
[2,3,3]
2
1 1 1
, ,
3 2 2
b
2
(200)
(110)
(100)
Crystal Structure
(111)
(100)
84
Crystal Structure
85
Example-7
Crystal Structure
86
Indices of a Family or
Form
{
100
}
(
100
),
(
010
),
(
001
),
(
0
1
0
),
(
00
1
),
(
1
00
)
{
111
}
(
111
),
(
11
1
),
(
1
1
1
),
(
1
11
),
(
1
1
1
),
(
1
1
1
),
(
1
1
1
),
(
1
1
1
)
87
88
Crystal Structure
89
Coordinaton Number
A simple cubic has coordination number 6; a bodycentered cubic lattice, 8; and a face-centered cubic
lattice,12.
Crystal Structure
90
1-CUBIC CRYSTAL
SYSTEM
c
a
Crystal Structure
92
Crystal Structure
93
Crystal Structure
94
BCC
has
eight
nearest
neighbors. Each atom is in
contact with its neighbors only
along
the
body-diagonal
directions.
Many
metals (Fe,Li,Na..etc),
including the alkalis and several
transition elements choose the
BCC structure.
Crystal Structure
c
a
95
Crystal Structure
(0,433a)
96
There are atoms at the corners of the unit cell and at the
center of each face.
Face centered cubic has 4 atoms so its non primitive
cell.
Many of common metals (Cu,Ni,Pb..etc) crystallize in
FCC structure.
Crystal Structure
97
Crystal Structure
98
FCC
Crystal Structure
(0,353a)
99
Shared Between:
8 cells
2 cells
1 cell
2 cells
cell contents
1
[=8 x 1/8]
2
[=(8 x 1/8) + (1 x 1)]
4
[=(8 x 1/8) + (6 x 1/2)]
2
[=(8 x 1/8) + (2 x 1/2)]
Crystal Structure
100
Crystal Structure
101
2 - HEXAGONAL SYSTEM
Crystal Structure
102
2 - HEXAGONAL SYSTEM
Crystal Structure
103
Crystal Structure
104
3 - TRICLINIC
4 - MONOCLINIC CRYSTAL
SYSTEM
Triclinic (Simple)
90
oa b c
Monoclinic (Simple)
= = 90o, 90o
a b c
Crystal Structure
5 - ORTHORHOMBIC
SYSTEM
Orthorhombic (Simple)
= = = 90o
a b c
Orthorhombic (Basecentred)
= = = 90o
a b c
Orthorhombic (BC)
= = = 90o
a b c
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (FC)
= = = 90o
a b c
106
6 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM
Tetragonal (BC)
= = = 90o
a = b c
Tetragonal (P)
= = = 90o
a = b c
Crystal Structure
107
7 - Rhombohedral (R) or
Trigonal
108
Crystal Structure
109
Crystal Structure
110
If we take the NaCl unit cell and remove all the red Cl ions, we are
left with only the blue Na. If we compare this with the fcc / ccp unit
cell, it is clear that they are identical.
Thus, the Na is in a fcc
sublattice.
Crystal Structure
112
LiF,NaBr,KCl,LiI,etc
The lattice constants are in
the order of 4-7 angstroms.
114
CsBr,CsI
crystallize
in
this
structure.The lattice constants are in
8 cell
3Hexagonal Close-Packed
Str.
Crystal Structure
117
Hexagonal Close-packed
Structure
Bravais Lattice : Hexagonal Lattice
He, Be, Mg, Hf, Re (Group II elements)
ABABAB Type of Stacking
Crystal Structure
118
Packing
Close pack
A
BA BA BA B A
C
C
C
BA BA B A
A
C
C
C
C
B
A
A
A
B
BA BA B A B A
C
C
C
Sequence ABABAB..
-hexagonal close
pack
Sequence ABCABCAB..
-face centered cubic close pack
Crystal Structure
Sequence AAAA
- simple cubic
Sequence ABAB
- body centered cubic
119
Crystal Structure
120
4 - Diamond Structure
Crystal Structure
121
4 - Diamond Structure
Crystal Structure
123
5- Zinc Blende
5- Zinc Blende
5- Zinc Blende
Zinc Blende is the name given to the mineral ZnS. It has a
cubic close packed (face centred) array of S and the Zn(II) sit
in tetrahedral (1/2 occupied) sites in the lattice.
Crystal Structure
126
ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY
INVERSION
REFLECTION
Crystal Structure
ROTATION
127
Element
Inversion
Point
Reflection
Plane
Rotation
Axis
Rotoinversion
Axes
Crystal Structure
128
Inversion Center
Crystal Structure
129
Reflection Plane
130
Examples
131
Rotation Symmetry
We can not find a lattice that goes
into itself under other rotations
A single molecule can have any
degree of rotational symmetry, but an
infinite periodic lattice can not.
Crystal Structure
132
Rotation Axis
90
120
180
Axis of Rotation
Crystal Structure
134
Axis of Rotation
Crystal Structure
135
5-fold symmetry
136
Group discussion
Crystal Structure
137
Examples
90
Crystal Structure
138
Crystal Structure
139