Chp-6:Lecture Goals

Serviceability
Deflection calculation
Deflection example

 Structural Design Profession is concerned with:

Limit States Philosophy:
Strength Limit State
(safety-fracture, fatigue, overturning buckling
etc.-)
Serviceability
Performance of structures under normal service
load and are concerned the uses and/or
occupancy of structures

 :Amplification factor
:Time dependent Factor

Solution:

See Example 2.2

Ma: Max.
Service
Load Moment

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,
d = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are fc = 4 ksi and fy= 60 ksi.
Determine Igt, Icr , Mcr(+), Mcr(-), and compare to the NA of
the beam.

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The components of the beam
As 2 0.6 in 2 1.2 in 2
As 4 0.6 in 2 2.4 in 2
1k
Ec 57000 f c 57000 4000

1000
lb

3605 ksi

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the n value and the centroid, I uncracked
Es 29000 ksi
n

8.04
Ec
3605 ksi
n

area (in2) n*area (in2)

y i (in)

y i *n*area (in2)

I (in4)

d (in)

d2*n*area(in4)

A's

7.04

1.2

8.448

2.5

21.12

-9.756

804.10

As

7.04

2.4

16.896

21.5

363.26

9.244

1443.75

Ac

288

288

12

3456.00

13824

-0.256

18.89

3840.38

13824

313.344

2266.74

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid and I uncracked

yi ni Ai

3840.38 in 3
y

12.26 in.
2
ni Ai 313.34 in

I I i di2 ni Ai 13824 in 4 2266.7 in 4

16090.7 in 4

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid and I for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
2n 1As 2nAs
2n 1As 2nAs d
2
y
y
0
b
b
y2

2 7.04 1.2 in 2 2 8.04 2.4 in 2

2 7.04 1.2 in 2

12 in.
2 8.04 2.4 in 2 21.5 in.

12 in.
y 2 4.624 y 72.664 0

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid for a cracked doubly reinforced
beam.
y 2 4.624 y 72.664 0

4.624

6.52 in.

4.624
2

4 72.664

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the moment of inertia for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
1 3
2
2
I cr by n 1As y d nAs d y
3
1
3
I cr 12 in. 6.52 in.
3

7.04 1.2 in

6.52 in. 2.5 in.

8.04 2.4 in 21.5 in. 6.52 in.
2

5575.22 in 4

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The critical ratio of moment of inertia
4

I cr 5575.22 in

0.346
4
I g 16090.7 in
I cr 0.35I g

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Find the components of the beam
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 4 ksi 12 in. 0.85 c 34.68c
c 2.5 in.
0.0075

s
0.003 0.003
c
c

0.0075
217.5

fs Es s 29000 0.003
87
c
c

217.5

Cs As fs 0.85 f c 1.2 in 87

261
100.32
c
2

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Find the components of the beam
T 2.4 in 2 60 ksi 144 k
T Cc Cs
261
144 k 34.68c 100.32
34.68c 2 43.68c 261 0
c
The neutral axis
c

43.68

3.44 in.

43.68 4 261 34.68

2 34.68
2

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The strain of the steel
3.44 in. 2.5 in.

s
0.003 0.0008 0.00207
3.44 in.

21.5 in. 3.44 in.

s
0.003 0.0158 0.00207
3.44 in.

Note: At service loads, beams are assumed to act

elastically.

c 3.44 in.
y 6.52 in.

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Using a linearly varying and s = E along the NA
is the centroid of the area for an elastic center

My
s
I
The maximum tension stress in tension is
f r 7.5 f c 7.5 4000
474.3 psi 0.4743 ksi

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The uncracked moments for the beam

My
sI
s
M
I
y
M cr
M cr

f r I 0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in

y
24 in. 12.26 in.

f r I 0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in

y
12.26 in.

650.2 k-in.
622.6 k-in.

Calculate the Deflections

(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections

(2) Sustained load deflection

Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads( unfactored) , live, etc.

Calculate the Deflections

Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases

Calculate the Deflections

Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases

Calculate the Deflections

Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases

Calculate the Deflections

Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases

Sustained Load Deflections

Creep causes an increase
in concrete strain
Compression steel
present
Helps limit this
effect.

Curvature
increases

Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)

Sustained Load Deflections

Sustain load deflection = l Di

1 50

Instantaneous deflection
ACI 9.5.2.5

As

at midspan for simple and continuous beams

bd

at support for cantilever beams

Sustained Load Deflections

= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0

Also see Figure 9.5.2.5 from ACI code

Sustained Load Deflections

For dead and live loads

D total D DL inst D LL inst

D DL L.T. D LL L.T.

DL and LL may have different factors for LT ( long

term ) D calculations

after attachmentof

total
N/S components

D total D DLinst

Sustained Load Deflections

The appropriate value of Ic must be used to calculate
D at each load stage.

D DLinst

Some percentage of DL (if given)

D LLinst D DLinst

Full DL and LL

Serviceability Load Deflections Example

Show in the attached figure is a typical interior span of a floor
beam spanning between the girders at locations A and C. Partition
walls, which may be damaged by large deflections, are to be
erected at this level. The interior beam shown in the attached
figure will support one of these partition walls. The weight of the
wall is included in the uniform dead load provided in the figure.
Assume that 15 % of the distributed dead load is due to a
superimposed dead load, which is applied to the beam after the
partition wall is in place. Also assume that 40 % of the live load
will be sustained for at least 6 months.

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

fc = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Part I
Determine whether the floor beam meets the ACI Code maximum
permissible deflection criteria. (Note: it will be assumed that it is
acceptable to consider the effective moments of inertia at location
A and B when computing the average effective moment of inertia
for the span in this example.)
Part II
Check the ACI Code crack width provisions at midspan of the
beam.

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Deflection before glass partition is installed (85 % of DL)
l 35ft 12 in/ft
be
105 in
4
4
8t 2 bw 8 4.5 in 2 12 in = 84 in
s = 10 ft = 120 in.

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Compute the centroid and gross moment of inertia, Ig.

b
Flange
Web

h
84
15.5

4.5
12

Area
378
186
564

yi
17.75
7.75

Ai * yi
6709.5
1441.5
8151

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

The moment of inertia

yi Ai

8151 in 3
y

14.45 in 14.5 in
2
Ai 564 in
1 3

I g bh Ad 2
12

1
3
2
2
84 in 4.5 in 378 in 17.75 in - 14.45 in
12
1
3
2
2
12 in 15.5 in 186 in 7.75 in - 14.45 in
12
16,950 in 4 16900 in 4

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

The moment capacity
f r 7.5 f c 7.5 5000 530 psi
E c 57000 f c 57000 5000 /1000 lbs=4030 ksi

530 psi 16900 in 4

M cr -

1610 k-in
y t - 5.55 in 1000 lbs/kip
530 psi 16900 in 4
fr Ig
M cr +

618 k-in
y t + 14.5 in 1000 lbs/kip
fr Ig

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Determine bending moments due to initial load (0.85
DL) The ACI moment coefficients will be used to
calculate the bending moments Since the loading is not
patterned in this case, This is slightly conservative

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

The moments at the two locations

M A 0.85wD ln /11
2

0.85*1.00k/ft* 33.67 ft /11

2

87.6 k-ft 1050 k-in

M B 0.85wD ln /16
2

0.85*1.00k/ft* 33.67 ft /16

2

60.2 k-ft 723 k-in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Moment at C will be set equal to Ma for simplicity, as
given in the problem statement.

M A 1050 k-in <M cr -

1610 k-in Use Ig @ supports
M B 723 k-in>M cr +
618 k-in Use Icr @ midspan

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Assume Rectangular Section Behavior and calculate the
areas of steel and ratio of Modulus of Elasticity

Es 29000 ksi
n

7.2
Ec
4030 ksi

2
2

As 3#5 3 0.31 in 0.93 in

As 4 # 7 4 0.6 in

2.40 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate the center of the T-beam
2 n 1 As 2nAs
2 n 1 Asd 2nAs d
y
y
0
b
b

2 6.2 0.93 in 2 2 7.2 2.4 in 2

y
y2
84 in.

2 6.2 0.93 in 2 2.5 in. 2 7.2 2.4 in 2 17.5 in.

0

84 in.

y 2 0.549 y 7.54 0
0.549 30.47
y
2.49 in.
2

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

The centroid is located at the As < 4.5 in. = tf Use
rectangular section behavior

I cr +

1 3
2
2
by n 1 As y d nAs d y
3
1
3
84 in 2.49 in
3
6.2 0.93 in

7.2 2.4 in

17.5 in 2.49 in

4330 in

2.5 in 2.49 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

The moment of inertia at midspan
3

M cr
M cr

I g 1
I cr
Ma
Ma

I e midspan

618 k-in
4

16900 in
723 k-in
618 k-in 3
4
1
4330 in

723 k-in

12200 in 4

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate average effective moment of inertia, Ie(avg) for
interior span (for 0.85 DL) For beam with two ends
continuous and use Ig for the two ends.

I e avg 0.7 I e mid 0.15 I e1 I e2

0.7 12200 in 4

0.15 16900 in 4 16900 in 4

13600 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate instantaneous deflection due to 0.85 DL:
Use the deflection equation for a fixed-fixed beam but use
the span length from the centerline support to centerline
support to reasonably approximate the actual deflection.

D DLinst

384 EI

0.85 1.00 k/ft 35 ft 12 in/ft

4

0.105 inches

384 4030 ksi 13600 in 4

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate additional short-term Deflections (full DL & LL)

D L l
1.62 k/ft 33.67 ft
MA

11
11
167 k-ft 2000 k-in
2
n

MB

D L l

2
n

1.62 k/ft 33.67 ft

16
115 k-ft 1380 k-in

16

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate additional short-term Deflections (full DL & LL)
Let Mc = Ma = - 2000 k-in for simplicity see problem
statement

M c M A 2000 k-in M cr - 1610 k-in

cracking at supports
M B 1380 k-in M cr + 618 k-in
cracking at midspan

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Assume beam is fully cracked under full DL + LL,
therefore I= Icr (do not calculate Ie for now).
n 7.20

Icr for supports

As 2 4 0.20 in 2 3 0.6 in 2
3.40 in 2
d 20 in - 2.5 in = 17.5 in
As 3 0.6 in 2 1.80 in 2
d 2.5 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Class formula using doubly reinforced rectangular section
behavior.
2 n 1 As 2nAs
2 n 1 Asd 2nAs d
2
y
y
0
b
b

2 6.2 1.80 in 2 2 7.2 3.4 in 2

y
y2
12 in

2 6.2 1.80 in 2 2.5 in 2 7.2 3.4 in 2 17.5 in

0

12 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Class formula using doubly reinforced rectangular section
behavior.

2 n 1 As 2nAs
2 n 1 Asd 2nAs d
y
y
0
b
b

2
y 5.94 y 76.05 0
2

5.94 340
y
6.25 in.
2

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Calculate moment of inertia.

I cr +

1 3
2
2
by n 1 As y d nAs d y
3
1
3
12 in 6.25 in
3
6.2 1.80 in

2.5 in 6.25 in

7.2 3.4 in

17.5 in 6.25 in

4230 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Weighted Icr

I cr 0.7 I cr mid 0.15 I cr1 I cr2

0.7 4330 in 4 0.15 4230 in 4 4230 in 4

4300 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Instantaneous Dead and Live Load Deflection.

D DLinst

Dl

384 EI

1.00 k/ft 35 ft 12 in/ft

384 4030 ksi 4300 in 4

0.390 inches
D LLinst

0.62 k/ft
D DLinst *
1.00 k/ft
0.242 inches

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Long term Deflection at the midspan

3 0.31 in
As t
t

0.00221
2bw d 2 12 in 17.5 in
2

Dead Load (Duration > 5 years)

2.0
l

1.80
1 50 1 50 0.00221
D DL L.T. lDL D DLinst 1.8 0.390 in 0.702 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Long term Deflection use the midspan information

3 0.31 in 2

As t
t

0.00221
2bw d 2 12 in 17.5 in
Live Load (40 % sustained 6 months)

1.2
l

1.08
1 50 1 50 0.00221
D LL L.T. lLL D LLinst 1.08 0.242 in 0.40
0.105 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Total Deflection after Installation of Glass Partition Wall.
D total D DLinst D LLinst D DL L.T. D LL L.T.
0.390 in 0.242 in 0.702 in 0.105 in
D after attachment

D permissible

= 1.44 in
D total D DLinst
1.44 in 0.105 in 1.33 in
l

480
35 ft 12 in/ft

0.875 in < 1.33 in NO GOOD!

480

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Check whether modifying Icr to Ie will give an acceptable
deflection:
3

M cr
M cr

I g 1
I cr
Ma
Ma

I e midspan

618 k-in
4

16900 in
1380 k-in
618 k-in 3
4
1
4330
in

1380 k-in

4
5460 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Check whether modifying Icr to Ie will give an acceptable
deflection:
3
1610 k-in
4
I esupport
16900
in

2000 k-in
1610 k-in 3
4
1
4230
in

2000 k-in

4
10800 in

I e avg 0.7 I e mid 0.15 I e1 I e2

0.7 5460 in 0.15 10800 in 10800 in

4

7060 in 4

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Floor Beam meets the ACI Code Maximum permissible
Deflection Criteria. Adjust deflections:

D DLinst
D LLinst
D DL L.T.
D LL L.T.

4300 in 4
0.390 in
0.238 in
4
7060 in
4300 in 4
0.242 in
0.147 in
4
7060 in
4300 in 4
0.702 in
0.428 in
4
7060 in
4300 in 4
0.105 in
0.064 in
4
7060 in

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Adjust deflections:

D total D DL inst D LLinst D DL L.T. D LL L.T.

0.238 in. 0.147 in. 0.428 in. 0.064 in.
0.877 in.
D after attachment D total D DLinst
0.877 in. 0.105 in.
0.772 in. D permissible 0.875 in.

OKAY!

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Part II: Check crack width @ midspan

z f s 3 dc A
d c ds 2.5 in
A e 2dsb 2 2.5 in 12 in 60 in
Ae
60 in 2
A

15 in 2
# bars
4

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Assume

fs 0.6 f y 0.6 60 ksi 36 ksi

ACI 10.6.4

2.5 in 15 in
120 k/in < 175 k/in OK

z 36 ksi

For interior exposure, the crack width @ midspan

is acceptable.

http://civilengineeringreview.com/book/theorystructures/beam-deflection-method-superposition
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crete-core.html

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