PROPERTIES OF

STEAM

Jignesh sohaliya

IMPORTANT FORMULA
Properties

Wet steam

Dry steam

Super heated steam

Tsup (kelvin)

Specific enthalpy,
h (KJ/Kg)

h= hf + xhfg

h= hg
hg= hf + hfg

h= hg+ Cp(TSUP- TS)

Specific volume,
(m3/kg)

Work of evaporation
We = 100 PV
When p is in bar
Internal energy
u= h--we
Specific entropy
S(KJ/Kg K)

V= (1-X)VF + X Vg
or
V=X Vg (VF <<< Vg)

=
(T is in

V=Vg

kelvin)

W= 100P*X*Vg

W= 100*P*Vg

W=100*P*Vsup

u= h--we

u= h--we

u= h--we

S=Sf + XSfg

S=Sg

Ssup = Sg + Cp In(Tsup/Ts)

EVALUATE THE CONDITION OF

THE STEAM I.E. WET, DRY
SATURATED OR SUPERHEATED
FOR THE FOLLOWING CASES.
(A) steam at 15 bar pressure and
3
specific volume is 0.12 m /kg
(b) steam at l0 bar pressure and
200C temperature.
(C) steam at 20 bar and having
specific enthalpy 2650 kJ/kg.
(D) steam at temperature of 150C
3

FIND THE EXTERNAL WORK

DONE DURING EVAPORATION
AND
INTERNAL
ENERGY
PER KG OF STEAM AT
PRESSURE OF 15 BAR WHEN
STEAM IS 0.9 DRY.

I.5 Kg Of Steam At A Pressure

Of I0 Bar And Temperature Of
250c Is Expanded Until The
Pressure Becomes 2.8 Bar. The
Dryness Fraction Of Steam Is
Then 0.9.
Calculate Change In Internal
Energy.

THROTTLING OF STEAM
The temperature change of a gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while
kept insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a
Throttling process.

In this process here is no change in enthalpy from state one to state two, h1 = h2;
no work is done, W = 0; and
the process is adiabatic, Q = 0.
Pin > Pout, velin < velout (where P = pressure and vel = velocity). These observations confirm the
theory that hin = hout. Remember h = u + PV (v = specific volume), so if pressure decreases then
specific volume must increase if enthalpy is to remain constant (assuming u is constant).
Because mass flow is constant, the change in specific volume is observed as an increase in gas
velocity.
The theory also states W = 0. Our observations again confirm this to be true as clearly no "work"
has been done by the throttling process. Finally, the theory states that an ideal throttling process
is adiabatic.

DETERMINATION OF DRYNESS
FRACTION OF STEAM
1. barrel calorimeter
2. Separating calorimeter

3. Throttling calorimeter
4. Combined separating & throttling calorimeter

BARREL CALORIMETER
Known mass of steam & known pressure is
condensed by mixing it with a known mass of
cold water.
The steam condensed into water, thereby
increasing the mass & temperature of the
water in the calorimeter.
Heat supplied by the condensing steam is
determine, with the help of initial & final
temperature of the water & calorimeter.

Amount of heat lost by steam = heat gain by water & calorimeter

ms (hf1 + x*hfg1- hf2) = mc Cpc (t2 t1) + mw Cpw (t2- t1)

= (mc Cpc + mw Cpw ) * (t2 t1)
= (mc Cpc / Cpw + mw)* Cpw * (t2 t1)
(mc Cpc / Cpw + mw) is called Water equivalent of calorimeter.
mw = mass of water
ms = mass of steam, (final mass- initial mass of water)
t1 = initial temp. of water in calorimeter.
t2= final temp. of water in calorimeter
hf1= S.E of saturated liquid at steam pressure.
hf2= S.E of saturated liquid at t2
hfg1 = latent heat of evaporation at steam pressure.
Cpc= specific heat of calorimeter
Cpw= specific heat of water.

SEPARATING CALORIMETER
two chamber
1. inner chamber
2. outer chamber
in which communicates with each other through an
opening at the top.
As the steam discharges through the sampling tube,
which has a large number of holes, the water
particles due to their heavier momentum get
separated from the steam and collect in the
chamber.
It is a vessel used initially to separate some of the
moisture from the steam, to ensure superheat
conditions after throttling. The steam is made to
change direction suddenly;
the moisture droplets, being heavier than the
vapour, drop out of suspension and are collected at
the bottom of the vessel.
The comparatively dry steam in the inner chamber
moves up and then down aging through the annular

mw= mass of water collected in inner chamber, Kg

ms= mass of steam condensed in barrel calorimeter. Kg.
X=

THROTTLING CALORIMETER
hf1+ x* hfg1 = hg2 + Cps (Tsup - Tsat)

 Complete separation of water droplet from steam in separating type calorimeter

Throttling requires high quality of steam at its inlet that after throttling, steam is super heated.

mw= mass of water collected in inner chamber, Kg

ms= mass of steam condensed in barrel calorimeter. Kg.
X1 =

X2 = dryness fraction of steam entering at throttling calorimeter

h f 1 + X 2 * h f g 1 = h g 2 + C p s ( Ts u p - Ts a t )
X be the initial dryness fraction of steam than original droplet in sample is (1-x) (ms +
mw) Kg.
Out of this (1-X1) (ms + mw) is removed by separating calorimeter.
(1-X2)*ms. Kg. is passed through throttling calorimeter.
(1-x) (ms + mw) = (1-X1) (ms + mw) + (1-X2)*ms

(1-x) = (1-X1) + (1-X2)*ms / (ms + mw)

but X1=

X= X1 * X2