Chapter 13: Fasteners and

Springs
 Unified Thread Series
Standardization of screw threads- 1949: United States,
United Kingdom & Canada

• Purpose – Need for interchangeability of

screw thread fasteners
• Revised in 1974 for Metric application
 Screw Thread Terminology
• Axis • Fit
• Body • Included Angle
• Chamfer • Lead
• Classes of Threads • Left-hand Thread
• Crest • Major Diameter
• Depth of Thread • Minor Diameter
• Die • Pitch
 Screw Thread Terminology
(continued)
• Pitch Diameter • Thread
• Right-hand Thread • Thread Form
• Root • Thread Series
• Tap • Threads per Inch
• Tap Drill
 Thread-Cutting Tools
• Tap – Machine tool to form internal threads

• Die- Machine tool to form external threads

• Lathe – Internal and external threads can be

cut on a lathe
 Thread Forms
• Unified Threads • Acme Threads
• American National • Buttress Threads
Threads • Dardelet Threads
• Sharp-V Thread • Rolled Threads
• Metric Thread • American National
• Whitworth Threads Standard Taper Pipe
• Square Threads Threads
 Thread Representations
• Detailed Thread Representations – Not
commonly used / too time consuming

• Schematic Representations

• Simplified Representations – Most commonly

used
 Demonstrate How to Draw
the Different Types of
Thread Representations
• Detailed

• Schematic

• Simplified
 Thread Notes
A thread note is always written in the same order.

• Metric Thread note example –

M 10 X 1.5-6H

• Unified & American National Threads –

½-13UNC-2A
 Thread Notes (continued)

• Other thread form note examples –

Acme Threads 5/8 –8 ACME –2G

• American National Standard Taper Pipe

thread note example – ¾ - 14 NPT
 Threaded Fasteners

• Bolts and Nuts

• Machine Screws
• Cap Screws
• Set Screws
 Threaded Holes to Receive a
Fastener
• Through Holes
• Blind Holes
 Most Common Method of
Producing Internal Threads is
With Taps
ASME/ANSI B94.9 covers designs of ten
different types of taps, furnished in taper,
plug, or bottoming chamfers.
 Three Physical Possibilities to
Consider when Designing External
Threaded Features
1. Apply thread to a straight rod sized to the major
diameter of the thread.
2. Apply the thread to a feature diameter that is
reduced in size from its adjacent feature, creating
a shoulder.
3. Apply the thread to a feature diameter that is
larger in size than the adjacent feature.
 Three Major Functions of Pipe
Threads
1) An assembly that creates a pressure-tight
joint, either with a sealer or without a sealer
2) An assembly with a free/loose fitting
mechanical joint that is not pressure-tight
3) An assembly with a rigid mechanical joint
that is not pressure-tight
 Considerations for
Manufacturing Taper Pipe
Threads
• Pilot holes are round
• Minimal waviness on produced thread, both
internal and external (watch tool alignment)
• Full crests for at least the first three threads,
internal
 Other Types of Fasteners
• Lag Screws -designed to attach metal to
wood or wood to wood
• Self-Tapping Screws - designed for use in
situations where the mating thread is created
by the fastener
• Thread Inserts – used by being screwed into
a threaded hole to form a mating internal
thread for a threaded fastener
 Other Types of Fasteners
(continued)
• Self-Clinching Fasteners – any threaded device
that displaces the material around a mounting hole
when pressed into a properly sized drilled or
punched hole
• Self-Clinching Nuts – feature thread strengths
greater than those of mild screws and commonly
used wherever strong internal threads are needed
 Other Types of Fasteners
(continued)
• Self-Clinching Spacers & Standoffs – used
where it is necessary to space or stack
components away from a panel.
• Self-Clinching Studs – externally threaded
self-clinching fasteners that are used where
the attachment must be positioned before
being fastened.
 Demonstrate the Following
Drawing Applications
• Various types of screw heads
• Using templates to draw fasteners
• Using CADD to draw fasteners
• Drawing nuts, washers, dowel pins, taper & other
pins
• Drawing retaining rings, keys, keyways & keyseats,
and rivets
 Springs
A mechanical device often in the form of a helical coil, that
yields by expansion or contraction to pressure, force or stress
applied

• Springs are made to return to their normal form.

• Springs are designed to store energy for the purpose
of pushing and pulling machine parts.
• Spring material may have to withstand high
operating temperatures & high stresses under
repeated loading.
 Five Criteria for Effective Use of
Springs in Machine Design
1. Material
2. Application
3. Functional Stresses
4. Use
5. Tolerances
 Common Material Used in
Spring Technology
• High-carbon spring steels
• Alloy spring steels
• Stainless spring steels
• Music wire
• Oil-tempered steel
• Copper-based alloys
• Nickel-based alloys
 Types of Springs

• Compression spring
• Extension spring
• Flat spring
• Torsion spring
 Spring Terminology
• Ends
• Helix direction
• Free length
• Compression length
• Solid height
• Loading extension
 Spring Representations

• Detailed
• Schematic
• Simplified
 Spring Specifications Include:
• Outside or inside diameter
• Wire gage
• Kind of material
• Type of ends
• Surface finish
• Free & compressed length
• Number of coils
 Demonstrate the Following
Drawing Techniques for
Springs
• Detailed representations
• Schematic representations
• Simplified representations