Book 1-14

MODULE 1A
STEAM TURBINE BASICS

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

STEAM TURBINE

PART - 1

ENGINEERING BASICS

STEAM TURBINE

PART - 4

OPERATION

STEAM TURBINE PART - 6 INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
HERON, DARI ALEXANDRIA - YUNANI , 120 BC.

FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF REACTION FORCE

FORMED UNDER THE SPEED OF STEAM beam emitted
BALL OUT OF HERON (REACTION TURBINE).

Contrary MOVE TOWARDS THE DIRECTION OF SPIN

SPEED STEAM beam.
GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029

FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF STYLE FORMED UNDER

PRESSURE IMPULSE (impact) BETWEEN STEAM , STEAM
emitted mashing WHEEL, WHEEL ROTATING. (TURBINE
ACTION)
WHEEL SPIN MOVE TOWARDS the direction of the beam
STEAM PRESSURE DIRECTION
GUSTAV de LAVAL, SWEDIA , 1890

FINDING THAT FORMED UNDER THE PRINCIPLES OF

ACTION PRINCIPLE (IMPULSE). Applied TUBINE ACTION
WITH ONE LEVEL (ONE AND ONE ROTOR PANCAR PIPA /
NOZZLE).
PANBCARAN STEAM FROM nozzle punch spoon (BLADES)
INSTALLED AT THE WHEEL.
CONTAINING ONLY ONE TURBINE TINGKAT.DIA. BIG.

ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS, BRITISH, 1890
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TURBINE WITH REACTION, DEVELOPED IN
MULTI-LEVEL PRESSURE REACTION TURBINE. NUMBER OF LEVELS
OF COMPOUND (S / D 30-AN) POWER AND BIGGER. RELATIVELY
SMALL DIAMETER.
Genuine transformation STEAM PRESSURE FROM THE FLOOR OF A
SMALL MADE TO THE NEXT LEVEL TO NOT surprise.

THOMAS W. CURTIS, , AMERICA, 1900 ( TURBIN AKSI DENGAN TINGKAT

KECEPATAN )

IMPULSE TURBINE WITH PRINCIPLE (SCAI), DEVELOPED IN ACTION TURBINE 2

(TWO) LEVEL SPEED.

CAN WORK WITH THE STEAM PRESS HIGH (dikelak later on apply / combined with
a reaction turbine basically can not work with high pressure steam).

DECREASE IN SPEED FROM ONE LEVEL TO THE NEXT LEVEL VERY DRASTIC

ZOELLY , SWEDIA, 1904

TURBINE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION (IMPULSE), DEVELOPED IN ACTION

WITH LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (MULTI STAGE PRESSURE). Max. s / d 12
LEVEL. LOT IN USE AS A MARINE PROPELANT.

EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF TURBINE de LAVAL (turbine action one level) STATOR
WITH NOZZLE TYPE REACTION

Amended PRESSURE LEVEL FROM WHICH ONE BIG ENOUGH next level

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

PENGGUNAAN STEAM TURBINE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

JENIS / TYPE STEAM TURBINE

Action

1. TURBINE ACTION :

REACTION

ACTION

TURBINE WORK UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION.

FORCE FORMED from the collision / IMPACT STEAM

(SCAI) OF 1/2 F. POWER TOTAL = 1/2 F.

ROUND HIGH, SMALL POWER

WORKING WITH HIGH PRESSURE STEAM.

BLADE CONSTRUCTION SPEED 1 OR 2 OF STEAM.

REAKSI

2. TURBINE REACTION :
ACTION

TURBINE WORK UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF

REACTION.

FORM OF STEAM POWER collision (ACTION) OF 1/2 F

PLUS STYLE OF REACTION OF 1/2 F.

POWER TOTAL = F

ACTION

RELATIVELY LOWER ROUND WITH GREAT POWER

WORK WITH A LOWER PRESSURE STEAM

Construction MULTI Stage

Turbine cross Spoon

blade reaction turbine section

action ( Impulse Turbine )

( Double Pressure Turbine )

P -1

DESCRIPTION

A.

ANGLE IN AND OUT

ACTION
IN = OUT

REACTION
IN < OUT

B. SPEED OF STEAM IN AND OUT

C1

C. FORMATION OF POWER

100 % IMPULSE

D. STEAM NOZZLES
E. TOTAL LEVEL

SEGMENT
LEVEL 1 OR 2

50 % IMPULSE PLUS
50 % REACTION
CIRCULAR 360 0
MULTI ( S/D 32 TK )

F. SHAPE Tangerang BLADES

SEMITRI

AN-SEMITRI

G. ROUND HIGH

HIGH

RELATIVELY LOW

H. OUTPUT POWER

SMALL

BIG

I.

LARGE / SHORT

SMALL / LARGE

DIMENSIONS DIAMETER / LENGTH

= C2

C1

<

C2

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

DESIGN ROTOR DRUM TURBINE BERKAPASITAS BESAR

JOURNAL BEARING
MAIN SUPPORT

ROTOR DRUM
( TEMPAT PENASANGAN
REAKSI BLADES )
JOURNAL BEARING
MAIN SUPPORT

AXIAL BEARING MAIN

SUPPORT

AXIAL SLIDING
PROBE

LABYRINTH
DRUM
BELAKANG

LABYRINTH
DRUM DEPAN

CONTROLLED STAGE
(CURTIS 2 LEVEL SPEED)

ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029
(ACTION 1 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)

P1

ACTION ONE LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (P) AND

ONE LEVEL SPEED (C)

P2

ROUND VERY HIGH, SMALL POWER.

PRESSURE
BALANCE HOLE

BLADES
1- STAGE

TEAM CONSUMPTION very wasteful (EFFICIENCY

LOW)
NOT USED AS A DRIVER (THEORY FOR ONLY) AS A
BASIS FOR TURBINE CURTIS (TURBINE SPEED
LEVEL ACTION)
TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION, sectional
BLADE WITH LEFT HALF RIGHT HALF SEMITRI
TURBINE WITH ACTION CAN WORK WITH STEAM
TEKANGGAN KRN HIGH RELIANCE ON collision /
IMPULSE STEAM. In front and behind PRESSURE
TURBINE AT LARGE.

STEAM
EXHAUST

STEAM PRESSURE

STEAM VELOCITY

ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY

STATOR

50%

ROTOR
-1

( SUDU
BALIK )

ROTOR
-2

PRINCIPLES OF EXPANDING INTO THE TURBINE

Applied REACTIONS AND REACTION WITH SPEED
AND PRESSURE LEVEL -2 (REFERRED TO LEVEL
PRESSURE TURBINE)

50%

50%
NOZZLE REAKSI

CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS , BRITISH. 1890

(MULTI STAGE TURBINE REACTION)

REAKSI

REAKSI

P=
PRESSURE

C= VELOCITY

GRAPHICS AND VELOCITY PRESSURE

STEAM TURBINE STATOR AND ROTOR IN
REACTION

SPEED OF STEAM IN (R1) UP (for expansion),

ACROSS THE BLADE BEYOND (S1) BEHIND its
direction, speed DOWN (??? Because blade action)
AND CONSTANT PRESSURE, INTO BLADE (R2),
SPEED KINETIC ENERGY UP AND DOWN HIS
(pressure drops) .. DST. BY THE SAME TO STATOR
(S2) TO ROTOR (R3, DST) STATOR AND NEXT TO
KINETIC ENERGY contains OUT. IF STILL HIGH
KINETIC ENERGY, retransmitted STEAM TO THE
NEXT LEVEL
REACTION TURBINE: TURBINE also called DOUBLE
- PRESSURE. (TURBINE WITH LEVEL PRESSURE)
DIRECTIONS TO MORE PRESSURE STEAM
TURBINE BACK, LITTLE MORE .. INITIAL
PRESSURE STEAM should be lowered (krs. Turbine
r3eaksi can not work with the High tek.steam)

POWER GENERATED FROM 50% 50% PLUS

LABOR FORCE IMPULSE IMPULSE.

ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY

REVERSE BLADES
(BLADE BEYOND)

THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900

(ACTION 2 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)

P1

P2

PRESSURE
BALANCE HOLE

BLADES
STAGE 1 & 2

STEAM
EXHAUST

DEVELOPING THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE, Applied TURBINE INTO

ACTION 2 (TWO) LEVEL SPEED (SPEED STEAM STORY. PRESSURE
STEAM Fix)

EACH LEVEL TYPE 2 ACTION (IMPULSE) WHERE CONSTANT

PRESSURE LEVEL in each. (P1 = P2) ALSO BEHIND THE BLADE ACTION

NOZZLE ATTACHED TO SEGMENT ONLY (NOT CIRCULAR 360 0)

JUST TO DRIVE AUX. (Eg Pump, Fan, etc.)

ROUND VERY HIGH POWER RELATIVELY SMALL.

Rotor-1

Stator

Rotor-2

Stator
Nozzle

C1
Pressure
p1 = p2

Cb
C2

Steam velocity
( C1 > Cb > C3 )
Speed chart Steam (v) and steam pressure (p) of the level-1 blade,
blade turning and blade level-2

STEAM TURBINE BASICS

POWER PLANT TRAINING

NGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900
BLADE 2 SPEED
LEVEL

Balancing hole PRESSURE

SEGMENT NOZZLE

Hole on the rotor TURBINE ARE-2 to balance the

front and back WHEEL PRESSURE (= PRESSURE
FLAT)
NOZZEL IN SEGMENT (NOT circular WHEEL)
AS A MOVER Pump / KOMPRESOR
BE INSTALLED VERTICAL / HORIZONTAL

ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY

STEAM
INLET

ZOELLY, SWEDIA , 1904

LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE WITH
ACTION.

P1
P2

P1

EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF ONE LEVEL

WITH SPEED = ACTION LEVEL
PRESSURE TURBINE.

STEAM
OUTLET

P2

TURBINE ZOELLY drawn half above the fold.

(Example) CONSIST OF PRESSURE

LEVEL 6
IN EACH NOZZLE, PRESSURE STEAM
DOWN, UP SPEED.

C (P)
GRAPHIC SPEED STEAM (C) AND PRESSURE

REACTION IS EACH NOZZLE bulkhead, EXPANSION

OCCURRED (P down, C up)
ROTOR BLADES ARE EVERY ACTION, ARISING
ESTABLISHMENT OF POWER. (P constant, C down)

ROTOR IN, STEAM CONSTANT

PRESSURE, DOWN SPEED

Turbine Zoelly
CONTROLLED
STAGE = 2 ST

REGULATOR
DEVICES

STEAM IN

P1

BALANCE
HOLES

TB ACTION 10 FY.
PRESSURE

LABIRINTH

P1

AXIAL /
THRUST
BEARINGS

LABIRINTH

P
JOURNAL
BEARINGS

STEAM OUT

CONTROLLED stages (1 OR 2 OF ACTION) USED TO REDUCE THE VERY HIGH PRESSURE

BEING P1 P1 'LOWER. YALAH GOAL TO REDUCE POSSIBLE LEAK STEAM THROUGH THE
BLADE TIP. MECHANICAL ENERGY TO FORMATION IN BLADES (10 TK) OPTIMAL.
ZOELLY TURBINE POWER TO MAKE A GREAT WITH THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS LENGTH
KECIL.MIS. MARINE USED. MORE IMAGES CLEARLY CHECK COVER BOOK 2 (I & M)
TB. TK. 1 S / D 6 HIS STILL HIGH PRESSURE. TIP BLADE WITH Shroud (BELT)

TURBNE ZOELLY 2 LEVEL PRESSURE

TB TK. TEK -1

TB TK. TEK -2

P2
P1

P1

P2

P1
P2

NOZZLE TK - 2
NOZZLE TK - 1

TB. ZOELLY 2 TK. PRESSURE. AS A

MOVER Pump / KOMPRESOR
LOW SPIN.
BIG ENERGY TOTAL FLOOR SESIAI
pressure

PART ONE ( BASICS )

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TURBINE
1.Turbine Action / Impulse Turbine
stator
rotor

Steam
inlet

2. Turbine Reaction / Reaction Turbine

stator
rotor

Steam
outlet

Energy formed (95-98)% by pressure /

steam punches to the surface area of the
curve and (2-5)% by working out of steam
reaction blades.
Angle = Angle Inlet outlet
Left-right cross-section blade shape semitri

Formed 50% of work force plus 50%

employment action reaction
High efficiency. Multi stages.
Diameter of the stator and rotor blades growing
at a rate of steam pressure decreases.
Inlet angle> discharge angle

Characteristics of each type of the turbines

work turbine action :

Can be operated with high pressure steam (>

200 kg/cm2)
Very high rpm (> 3000 rpm)
Max number of levels. 2 stages (short
longitudinal dimension, large diameter)
(Curtis type).
Combined with functioning as a reaction
turbine. Control-stage (lowering pressure
steam before entering the tb. Reaction)
When installed in combination pressure levels
as Zoelly type

work tb. reaction. :

Can only be operated with low pressure
steam. When tek. high steam, must direduser
by installing control stage y. i turbines action 2
levels / Curtis or 1 level / de LAVAL)
Low-to-high rpm (300 -3000 rpm)
Large number of levels (> 30 stages).
Dimension of the elongated, small diameter.
High capacity and high efficiency
Used as the driving generator (very large
power (> 700 MWe).

Inlet
Angle

Suction Face

Pressure
Face

Discharge
Angle

Inlet
Edge

GOING LARGE BLADE backs Turbulence (PP) =

PRESSURE SMALL

Turbulence BLADE BEFORE GOING SMALL ([Pd), LARGE

PRESSURE.
IF Pd >> Pp, TEK. STEAM AHEAD TO BE PART OF
Discharge
BOCOR OPUNGGUNG BLADE. POWER TB. REDUCED
edge
menjadu.

TURBINE REACTION
2. Turbine Reaction / Reaction Turbine

stator

rotor
C1

C2

PRINCIPLES OF REACTIONS
OCCUR IN LINE STEAM OUT OF
BLADES
PROCESS = FLOW FLOW IN
GAS / STEAM IN VENTURI
Area "A" PRESSURE BIG, SMALL
VELOCITY (C1). ALWAYS SEEK
THE NATURE OF PRESSURE
PRESSURE AREA WITH
LESSER.

C3

Typed "B" cross-sectional area

LEAST. SMALL PRESSURE,
FLOW RATE OF C2.
Area "C" cross-sectional area
BIGGEST. BIGGEST SMALLEST
PRESSURE VELOCITY C4. THIS
SPEED = REACTION
Turbine work action

TURBIN REACTION

PARSONS. AMERICA,
REGULATOS
& SAFETY

THRUST /
AXIAL
BEARING

DRIVING
MOTOR

LABIRINTH
DEPAN

P1

P2

JOURNAL
BEARING

JOURNAL
BEARING

P1R

LABIRINTH
BELAKANG

CONTROLLED
STAGE ( AKSI )
1 TK
TB. Reaction
14 TK

TURBIN REACTION
TB. REACTION CAN ONLY WORK (OPTIMAL) STEAM
PRESSURE P1 IF NOT TOO BIG (opposite of TB. SCAI). IF
TOO HIGH PRESSURE P1, TEND STEAM LEAK / BOCOR
THROUGH THE TOP BLADE AND BOCOR towards TAKES
BACK AGAINST THE EXPANSION BLADE.

TURBINE
ACTION
( PRESSURE
CONTROL)

NOT TO GET TOO HIGH PRESSURE STEAM (P1R go to tb.,

Reaction) BUT REMAIN HIGH CONTENT enthalpy
(remember, P & T tall containing a high enthalpy) PRESSURE
OF STEAM BOILER lowered FIRST STAGE IN
CONTROLLED (ACTION)
TB. NEVER IN REACTION REACTION FOR PURE. ALWAYS
combined with TURBINE ACTION LEVEL 1 OR 2 TER
[PQASANG IN FRONT TB. REACTION .. CONTROLLED,
THE TURBINE.
ORDER OF STEAM PRESSURE LEVEL TO THE NEXT
LEVEL NOT TOO HIGH, TEK. RATA ALLOCATION OF
STEAM TURBINE TO THE LEVELS. D.K.L. TURBINE
ACTION SHOULD CONSIST OF MULTI stages.

TURBINE REACTION

DIMENSIONS OF TURBINE LONG TO BE BIGGER /

LONGER. MAKIN WAY BACK TO, THE LITTLE PRESSURE
STEAM. WORKERS ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE LARGE
RELATIVE, BLADE SIZE TO BE MORE AND MORE LONG
WIDE. BLADE THICKNESS THIN.

BASICS
DESIGN & ENGINEERING
Introduction
WORK BASED PROCESS CHEMICAL ENERGY genuine transformation (in pcs. Bakr)
MENJADINTENAGA Physics (kinetic) AVAILABLE IN STEAM AND BECOME MORE
ENERGY changed by MECHANICS (in the form of rotating turbine)

Chemical
Energy
( Fuel )

The higher the heat value bh. Fuel, the higher the chemical
energy
The more complete the combustion process in the furnace,
the higher the heat energy released buisa...

Kinetic Energy

The higher temperature steam, the higher the velocity of the

steam molecules. (Factor T = temp.)

( heat latent )

The higher molecular steam velocity, the higher the steam

pressure. (Factor P = pressure)
The higher the P and T, the higher the calorie content in
steam or energy in = energy latent (factor H or I = enthalpy)

Mechanical
Energy

(in Turbines )

The higher the P & T steam, more power to press curved

blades (the impulse) and more power for air expansion (the
reaction).
Impulse power and / or expansion resulted in the spinning
turbine (mechanical power)

BASICS

DIMENSION BLADES DAN ROTOR

DIMENSIONS
LENGTH
(reaction)

THICKNESS
DIMENSIONS
(action) and
torsion
(reaction))

PRINCIPLES OF KINETIC ENERGY genuine transformation BE MECHANICAL ENERGY IS

HOW IMPULSE AND / OR ENERGY expansion FROM THE FLOOR TO THE NEXT LEVEL
IMPULSE ENERGY (PRESSURE) INCREASE ENERGY LOSS / SMALL INCREASE pressure.
SMALL INCREASE PRESSURE.
BLADES MADE THIN THICKNESS INCREASE.
FROM THE FLOOR NEXT KETINGKAT, latent INCREASE ENERGY SMALL SMALL INCREASE
STRENGTH BEREXPANSI .. Overcome by GROWING SPACE STEAM will be skipped.

BLADES SIZE AND INCREASE INCREASE LONG THIN

MOLLIER DIAGRAM

BASICS

Mollier diagram is very important for power calculations and thermodynamic the turbine in
the steam cycle

Temperature

ST-HP

ST-LP

SUPERHEATER

1-2 FW pumped INTO THE

BOILER

P2
TURBINE

BOILER

CYCLE WATER STEAM

P1

2-3. FW. HEATED IN THE

BOILER (CAIR)

3-4. BOILING PRESSURE ON

P1 (saturated)
4-5. CONTINUES TO BE
HEATED superheated

CONDENSER

5-6. EXPANSION IN TURBINE

HP
6-7. STEAM IN reheat
7-8. EXPANSION IN TURBINE
LP Condensation process

8-1 IN CONDENSER

STEAM PROCESS WITH superheating

BASICS

MOLLIER DIAGRAM

TURBINE HP

Condensation PROCESS IN
CONDENSER

TURBINE LP

BASICS

PENGGUNAAN ST. TURBINE

1. Flexibility in use:
- industrial ( for process ) ( 2 - 60 eMW )
- industrial / utility ( 25 - 125 eMW )
- utility ( s/ d 800 eMW )
2- classification:
small capacity ( marine, auxiliaries dsb )
medium capacity ( >150 eMW - 800 eMW )
hi-capacity
- Utility ( Power generator ) ( > 100 eMW and more )
- Auxiliary ( compressors , pumps, special uses )

Industrial steam turbines

TWO TYPE OF USE:
a. Top cogeneration
- The use of steam for the steam turbine mainly powerhouse. The rest for the
- By condensing or non - condensing / back pressure.
- With / without controlled or uncontrolled extractions
b. Bottom cogeneration
- The use of steam, especially for the process, the remaining steam turbine for power
generation.
- Controlled or uncontrolled extractions

TURBINE DESIGN BASICS

BASICS

Thermodynamic Rating
Influenced by the condition of steam. (Pressure and Temperature)
Described in the heat balance diagram (Steam flow diagram)

LP - Bypass
Stop & CV

boiler

Hp

Ip

L p

generator

bleed points

HP preheating

H
H

Ax

Condensing Pump
H

Deaerator

CONDITIONS AS A DRIVER STEAM TURBINE

Live steam superheated P = 120-250 bar and T = 525-560 0C

enter the high pressure turbine (Hp).
Exhaust press. of HP 40 bar and 250 0C. reheated in the boiler (Reheater)
Reheated steam at 525 0C expansion turbine intermediate pressure (IP) at P = 40
bar
Expansion in the low-pressure turbine (LP) (double-flow)

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Factors affecting the design of turbine components. :
Static and dynamic power of different large and its direction
Different temperatures

Blades/ barrel-barrel
Blades should be able to withstand
a static load as follows:
1. Steam pressure drop between
the inlet and outlet pressure
2. Impact of steam power on
curved blades.
3. Centrifugal force as the rotor
rotates.

SELECTION of MATERIAL
The parts of the turbine must be able to withstand the force arising -2 as follows:
1. Temperature and pressure / stress is very high (centrifugal, press, pull, twist)
2. The selection of the right kind of material to withstand the force-deformation 2 tsb
with safe (expansion does not cause friction stator - rotor) and erosion and abrasion
resistant.
rotor
- Low - Alloy (HP rotor: CrMoV and 12CrMoVCbN
- Moderately heat-treated
- Can be welded with ferritic steels with 12% Cr steel to withstand high temperatures (566 0C and
load 1,000 MW)
Bearings
- Resistance to shear loads (abrasion resistant) and low thermal expansion.
Bucket / diaphragm
- Serves also for installation / placement reverse blades (blades turning)
- High temp resistant and thermal expansion rate has been 10 CrMoV CBN.
- Design of blade roots selected "Dovetail".
casings
- The material is resistant to temperature selected high - low
- Materials are selected Cast Steel, Cast Iron and Nodular Fine Grained Steel Plates
Blades
- Standard 12% Cr steel
Last stage balding stationary (stator blades for the last level)
- Nodular Cast Iron, Austenitic Steel with 17% Cr.
bolting
- Hold temp. s / d 566 0C been Materials 12 Cr-alloy and Nickel based alloy steel or alloy or Inconel.

ROTOR DESIGN DAN STATOR

MAKIN BIG TURBINE DIMENSIONS, TIME REQUIRED FOR

MORE OLD HEATING. GOAL TO GIVE TIME TEMPERATURE
BALANCE BETWEEN THE STATOR AND ROTOR expand / shrink
in TIME SIMULTANEOUSLY. BY THE CLEARANCE BETWEEN
THE STATOR - ROTOR IN ANY PART OF THE SAME AMOUNT.

THRUST BEARING -AXIAL BEARING & TILTING PAD BEARING

RADIAL BEARING DENGAN

TILTING PADS

Tilting COMBINATION WITH

AXIAL BEARING PADS AND
JOURNAL BEARING

Tilting - serves to hold SHAFT PADS ARE NOT

INLIGNMENT
THRUST BEARING SHAFT DIRECT resist forces
RADIAL bearing withstand the force of GRAVITY AND
STYLE RADIAL

TURBINE BLADING
SHROUD = SABUK

BLADE SEAL TYPE "C"

WORKS FOR: Hinder STEAM LEAK AT BLADE TIPS
TIAPBL ARISING IN PREVENTING vibration; ADE

INTEGRATED SHROUD
Search BLADE MADE WITH
EQUIVALENTS

BLADE SEAL TYPE A

KELING

BLADE SEAL TYPE B

BLADE SEAL TYPE D

BLADING STRESS
S1

The durability of the heat load

temp

S2

loads

3
Y
Pi

Po

1
Pi

Po

Static loads :
1. Pressure drop Pin - Pout
2. Impulse force Pin
3. Centrifugal Fc
G. U2
= ---- ---------g.
R
U

G
R

+
X

Blade Design against Vibration

1. Riveted Shrouding (belt riveted ) 3. Lacing or Tie Wires ( wire)
Integrated Shroud (belt dicior fused with blades )
A nominal clearance (Cl) between blade
4. Combine Lacing with Ferrule
give wire "C1". Diameter wire "d

C1

1. Riveted Shrouding

2. Integrated shroud
3. Lacing or tie wires
Ferrule = connect the ANT. END-2 Lacing WIRE

BLADE DESIGN VS LEAKAGE

Stationary wall

Stationary wall
Leakage clearance

Leakage clearance

shrouding
Turbulence
rotor

Covered bucket

rotor

Uncovered bucket

NO STEAM FLOW TRENDS move from LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE TO

(BOCOR)

THE FLOW DISHARMONIS colliding, RESULT vortex (turbulence). FLOW DUE TO HARM
THE KINETIC ENERGY LOST WITHOUT MAKING POWER PLAY.
Turbulence HAPPENS IN MOST BLADES WILL PRODUCE OR STRICT minister
THUNDER SOUND, VIBRATION RISING, THE USE OF STEAM HIGH (CAN SEE WITH
VALVE OPENING BESSARNYA), EFFICIENCY LOW.
Besides withstand RELEASE FUNCTION Shroud also arrested VIBRATION

When the blades are not able to meet the requirements frequency, can be
overcome by the:
Changed the shape / size profile
Z changed the number of blades in each row
Replacing the outer belt around the blades (shrouds)
Wiring the vibration damper (damper wires)
Life steam & CV (Controlled Valve )

P1
ho

hi

potentially steam in the turbine. Turbines in

the design of steam can pass with P and T
specific.

Exhaust pressure is low (high vacuum

pressure) turbine requires tek. low (Lp) with
uk. length and height (h) is large. Stage
length blades (h) (900-2000 mm)

P2

0.03 bar

Blades vibration occurred at the lowest level.

Measurements were taken before blades in
pairs.

Blades are made of material 12% Cr-steel for the final stage and 17% Cr
(austenitic steel) for level-2 first in the high pressure turbine.

SERVICE LIFE

(lifetime)

Lifetime of turbine components depends on:

Creep fatigue at high temperatures.
A large voltage at start up (without heating)
Corrosion or Erosion

Efforts to extend the life span:

Preliminary heating before start-up
Not operate a turbine with a full load for long term.
Use the superheated steam above the minimum (right-2 dry)
Do not be too frequent start-up and shut-down
Avoid turbines operate on speed critical or phase vibration
Avoid "water carry-over" during boiler operation
Avoid not too often changed the load