01-WCDMA Principle

Internal
WCDMA Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G

Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
All rights reserved
Different Service, Different Technology

2G 1990s
Digital
1G 1980s
Analog
AMPS
TACS
3G
IMT-2000
GSM
Technologies
drive
NMT
Others
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
UMTS
WCDMA
Demands
drive
cdma
2000
TDSCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

All rights reserved
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile

communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first
proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the
year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
All rights reserved
3G Spectrum Allocation
All rights reserved
Bands WCDMA Used

Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
. . .
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band:
UL frequency channel number 96129888

DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
All rights reserved
3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
All rights reserved
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
RTT: TD-SCDMA
RTT: cdma2000
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
All rights reserved
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
All rights reserved
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA
TDMA
Power
Power
CDMA
Power
All rights reserved
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Time division duplex (TDD)
All rights reserved
Duplex Technology
Power
Time
USER 2
FDD
USER 1
UL
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
UL
DL
TDD
DL
USER 2
USER 1
UL
Frequency
All rights reserved
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
WCDMA Network Architecture

Core Network
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
Node B
UE
Uu
All rights reserved
Iub
Node B
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
CS domain change to
NGN
WCDMA RTT
IMS
HSDPA
MBMS
HSUPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000
2001
2002
All rights reserved
2005
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
All rights reserved
Uu Interface protocol structure

Nt
GC
DC
Duplication avoidance
Nt
GC
DC
U-plane information
control
control
RRC
control
control
control
C-plane signaling
L3
PDCPPDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
UuS boundary
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
MAC
L2/MAC
PHY
L1
All rights reserved
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial

Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are
logically independent of each other.
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
All rights reserved
Data
Bearer(s)
Iu-CS Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iu UP
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
SCCP
A
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
ATM
Physical Layer
All rights reserved
AAL2 PATH
Iu-PS Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iu UP
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
GTP-U
MTP3-B
C
UDP
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM
Physical Layer
All rights reserved
Iub Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
User plane
Control Plane
NBAP
NCP
Iub FP
CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
Transport Network
User Plane
SAAL UNI
SAAL UNI
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
All rights reserved
Iur Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iur Data
Stream
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
SCCP
A
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
ATM
Physical Layer
All rights reserved
AAL2 PATH
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Receiver
All rights reserved
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
CODEC
A integrated speech codec with 8 source

rates
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
RAN depending on the system load and
quality of the speech connections
Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain

Includes: video codec, speech codec, data
protocols, multiplexing and etc.
All rights reserved
Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20
12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20
10.2
AMR_7.95
7.95
AMR_7.40
7.4 (TDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70
6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90
5.9
AMR_5.15
5.15
AMR_4.75
4.75

Transmitter
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Receiver
All rights reserved
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
WCDMA Block Coding - CRC

Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected
errors left after error correction.

The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of
block coding.
Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and
they are checked after the channel decoding.
All rights reserved
WCDMA Channel Coding

Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when

interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 2N+16 bits
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 3N+24 bits
1/3 Turbo Coding
Coded 3N+12 bits
All rights reserved
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
0
0
...
...
0
Inter-column
permutation
0
0
...
...
0
0 0
... ...
... ...
1 1
1
0 0
... ...
... ...
1 1
0
...
...
1
1
0
...
...
1
1
Interleaving periods:
20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
All rights reserved
Output bits
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Receiver
All rights reserved
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
C1
+1
-1
C2
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1
+1
C1
+1
-1
C2
1 1 1 1
+1
+1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
All rights reserved
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1:
UE2:
C1 :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2 :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 UE2c2
0 2
All rights reserved
0 2
0 2
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding

UE1C1 UE2C2:
UE1 Dispreading by c1:
0 2
0 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
Dispreading result:
0 2
0 2
0 2
4 (means1) 4 (means1)
Integral judgment:
UE2 Dispreading by c2:
0 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result:
Integral judgment:
4 (means1) 4 (means1)
0 2
All rights reserved
0 2
0 2
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f)
Spreading code
P(f)
f
Narrowband signal
P(f)
Broadband signal
f
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal
Signal
Combination
P(f)
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
Spreading code
All rights reserved
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain
Interference from
other UE
Echip
All rights reserved
Max interference caused

by UE and others
Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocessGain 10log(
)
bit rate
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller,
UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of
this service will be smaller, vice versa.
All rights reserved
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into

chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data
symbol
Chips after
spreading
channelization
scrambling
All rights reserved
WCDMA Channelization Code

OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
All rights reserved
SF = 8
WCDMA Channelization Code

SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code

Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer
SF
Radio bearer
SF
Speech 12.2 UL
64
Speech 12.2 DL
128
Data 64 kbps UL
16
Data 64 kbps DL
32
Data 128 kbps UL
Data 128 kbps DL
16
Data 144 kbps UL
Data 144 kbps DL
16
Data 384 kbps UL
Data 384 kbps DL
All rights reserved
Purpose of Channelization Code

Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter

For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE
All rights reserved
Purpose of Scrambling Code

Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different

cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different
UEs in one carrier
All rights reserved
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned

by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
All rights reserved
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary
scrambling code 0
Group 0
Group 1
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary
scrambling code 8
Primary
scrambling code
8*63
512 primary
scrambling
codes
64 primary
scrambling code
groups
All rights reserved
Primary
scrambling code
8*63 +7
Each group consists of 8

primary scrambling codes
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
NodeB
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
All rights reserved
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
NodeB
User 2 signal
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
All rights reserved
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Receiver
All rights reserved
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio

wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
All rights reserved
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1
1
10
Information
signal
t
NRZ coding
Digital Input
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
Carrier
BPSK Waveform
10
f=0 f=p f=0
All rights reserved
fo
Modulated
BPSK
signal
BPSK
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
NRZ Input
-1
5
1
-1
7
1
9
-1
10
-1
I di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
Q di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
All rights reserved
10
Modulation Overview
A
NRZ
coding
Acos(ot)
I(t)
fo
QPSK
90
NRZ
coding
A
Q(t)
Acos(ot + p/2)
QPSK :A 2 cos(o f)
f
1
p/4
-1
7p/4
-1
3p/4
-1
-1
5p/4
All rights reserved
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1,-1
-1,-1
-1
-1
10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
NRZ Output
-1,1
-1,1
-1
-1
All rights reserved
-1
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface
R99/R4: QPSK
HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
All rights reserved

Transmitter
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Despreading
Receiver
All rights reserved
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
All rights reserved
Propagation of Radio Signal

Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
dBm
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
dB
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Fading
-40
All rights reserved
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
All rights reserved
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication

Increase the coverage and capacity
All rights reserved
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving

Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth

frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
All rights reserved
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
All rights reserved
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
UTRAN Network Structure

Core Network
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
All rights reserved
Iub
NodeB
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
All rights reserved
CN
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

Logical Channel = information container
Defined by <What type of information> is transferred

Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission
Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is

transmitted over the radio interface
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content
providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a

specific set of codes and phase
All rights reserved
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
Common traffic channel
(CTCH)
Broadcast control channel
(BCCH)
Paging control channel
(PCCH)
Dedicate control channel
(DCCH)
Common control channel
(CCCH)
All rights reserved
Traffic channel
Control channel
Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
Forward access channel

(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
Random access channel
(RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel

(HS-DSCH)
All rights reserved
Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.

In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.

Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.

Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
All rights reserved
Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Synchronization Channel
(SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel
(PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel
(AICH)
Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
All rights reserved
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)

Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
All rights reserved
Function of Physical Channel

Cell Search Channels
P-CPICH--Primary Common Pilot Channel
SCH--Synchronisation Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging Indicator Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Random Access Channels
NodeB
AICH--Acquisition Indicator Channel

PRACH--Physical Random Access Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH--High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH--High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
HS-DPCCH--High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
All rights reserved
UE
Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-SCH)
Used for cell search
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of

every time slot
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Primary synchronization code is transmitted

repeatedly in each time slot
Secondary synchronization code specifies the

scrambling code groups of the cell
Slot #1
ac p
ac p
ac si,0
ac si,1
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
All rights reserved
Slot #14
ac p
i,14
acs
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling
Code Group
Group 0
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 61
Group 62
Group 63
#0
1
1
1
1
1
#1
1
1
2
2
2
#2
2
5
1
3
16
#3
8
16
15
1
6
#4
9
7
5
8
6
#5
10
3
5
6
11
slot number
#6 #7 #8
15
8
10
14 16
3
12 16
6
5
2
5
15
5
12
9
9
9
10
11
12
13
12
10
10
15
15
11
12
13
15
9
14
15
13
9
Slot # ?
Slot #?
Slot #?
P-SCH
acp
acp
acp
S-SCH
16
11
9
13
14
16
11
15
#10 #11 #12 #13 #14

2
7
15
7
16
5
12 14 12 10
2
16 11 15 12
4
4
6
3
7
15 12 16 11
2
12
14
11
14
10
11
13
16
13
16
15
12
14
14
16
11
16
10
..
256 chips
#9
16
10
11
8
1
All rights reserved
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)

Primary PCPICH
Carrying pre-defined sequence

Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Broadcast over the entire cell
A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and

downlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #14
Primary Common Control Physical Channel

(PCCPCH)
Carrying BCH transport channel
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbpsCch, 256, 1)
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T
Slot #0
Slot #1
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #i
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #14
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Carrying Paging Indicators (PI)
Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72,
or 144
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288
One radio frame (10 ms)
All rights reserved
b 299
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

(SCCPCH)
Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
Pilot: used for demodulation

TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data
format
Data
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips,
Slot #0
Pilot
N Pilot bits
N Data bits
Slot #1
20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #i
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #14
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:
One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles

10 or 20ms message part
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
All rights reserved
PRACH Message Structure
Data
N data bits
Data
Pilot
N Pilot bits
Control
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Message part radio frame T = 10

ms
All rights reserved
Slot # 14
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
radio frame: 10 ms
radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Random Access Transmission

Access slot #7
Access slot #8
Access slot #14
All rights reserved
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33
AS #1
AS #i
20 ms
All rights reserved
a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0

(DPDCH&DPCCH)
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed
(CDM) within each radio frame

DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer, the
OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4

DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1, the
OVSF code is Cch,256,0
All rights reserved

(DPDCH&DPCCH)
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #14
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

(DPDCH+DPCCH)
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM).
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4
All rights reserved
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

(DPDCH+DPCCH)
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Data2
Ndata2 bits
DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=-1..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #14
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(HS-PDSCH)
Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the
transport channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #2
High-Speed Shared Control Channel

(HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme

(1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size (6bit),HARQ
process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit),
UE identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel

used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
All rights reserved
Slot #2
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-DPCCH )
Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and
feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation

of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256
Tslot = 2560 chips
2 Tslot = 5120 chips
ACK/NACK
CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0
Subframe #i
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Subframe #n
Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels
Transport channels
BCCH
Physical channels
BCH
P-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
PCCH
PCH
S-CCPCH
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
FACH
S-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
DCH
DPDCH
CTCH
DCCH, DTCH
HS-DSCH
RACH, FACH
All rights reserved
HS-PDSCH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
Physical Channels
All rights reserved
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search
Slot
Synchronization
Frame synchronization &

Code Group Identification
Scrambling Code
Identification
UE uses PSC to acquire slot

synchronization to a cell
UE uses SSC to find frame

synchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling

code through correlation over the
PCPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the PCCPCH and reads BCH information
All rights reserved
Random Access Procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from

available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Choose a access slot again
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
Counter> 0 & Preamble power

< maximum allowed power
N
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Check the corresponding AI

Get positive AI
Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
Send the corresponding message part
Set physical status to be RACH

message transmitted
Report the physical status to MAC
END
Get negative AI
All rights reserved
Set physical status to be Nack

on AICH received
Transmit Diversity Mode

Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type
Open loop mode
Closed loop mode
TSTD
STTD
Mode 1
Mode 2
applied
applied
S-CCPCH
applied
DPCH
applied
applied
applied
PICH
applied
HS-PDSCH
applied
applied
HS-SCCH
applied
AICH
applied
P-CCPCH
SCH
All rights reserved
Transmit Diversity - STTD

Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity
(STTD)
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
b 0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
All rights reserved
Transmit Diversity - TSTD

Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH
channel
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #14
(Tx
OFF)
acp
acs
i,0
(Tx
OFF)
acs
acsi,14
(Tx
OFF)
acp
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
i,1
acs
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
acp
acp
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
i,2
All rights reserved
Closed Loop Mode

Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH
All rights reserved
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Internal

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Describe the development of 3G

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WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Physical Layer Overview

Physical Layer Procedure

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Different Service, Different Technology

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile

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Bands WCDMA Used

1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

UL frequency channel number 96129888

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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

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CN: based on MAP and GPRS

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WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Physical Layer Overview

Physical Layer Procedure

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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

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Multiple Access Technology

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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Physical Layer Overview

Physical Layer Procedure

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WCDMA Network Architecture

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WCDMA Network Version Evolution

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WCDMA Network Version Evolution

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