Mech
Autumn Sem 2014-2015
Wave-particle duality
Bohr theory
Schrodingers cat
Ref: Qunatum mechanics by Merschbekar
Foundation of Q.Mech
Basic fact of Q. Physics : discretization of energy level
(Max Planck 1900)
E = h (quantum of action)
Jump E between discrete energy levels
-1924
Characteristic length
/x = h/xp << 1
wave aspect of matter will be hidden
Uncertainly principle
x p (1927)
``Un-bestimmtheit (indeterminacy) (Un-sicherheit )
Wave function
=A+iB
A and B are real function
* = A i B (complex conjugate)
Schrdinger equation
BUT
s not a measurable quantity itself, and may be com
OR
= A exp[-i (t x/v) ]
= A exp[-(i/h)(E t px)]
SE in three dimension
= A exp*-(i/h)(E t px)]
Describes the wave of an unrestricted particle of total
energy E and momentum p moving in the +x direction
:
freely moving particle
about SE
SE is linear
=>
= a1 1 + a2 2
is also a solution => interference effects can occur
for wave functions as they can for light, sound,
water, EM
P1=1*1
P2=2*2
Particle in a box
Wave function: dependence on boundary
conditions and normalization
Crude treatment:
Wave variable must be 0 at wall
Longest wavelength = 2L, then = L, =2L/3
= 2L/n
n=1,2,3 .
Kinetic energy:
Discretization in Energy Values
n: quantum number
trapped particle
Trapped particle can not have an arbitrary
energy (as a free particle)
Energy depends on mass, and details how it is trapped
(assume U=const=0)
Solution:
= A sin (2mE/) x + B cos(2mE/) x
Find out A and B with given B.C.
2mE/ L = n n=1,2,3
_n = A Sin (2mE_n/) x
_n = A Sin (n x /L)
Calculate A : Exercise
Expectation value
<x> = * x dx
Hamiltonian operator:
H _n = E_n _n
Various E_n are eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian operator
26
Spread of values
Average: <G> = G ||^2 dx
Momentum eigenfunction
P _n = P_n _n
Tunnel Effect
f = kx = m
d^2x/dt^2
General solution:
X(t) = A sin t + B cos t,
Where = k/m
BC: B=0
Quantum Oscillator
(quantum-mechanical analog of the classical
harmonic oscillator )
Where =k/m
H-atom wavefunction
= interparticle distance
SE in 3-d
SE in spherical coordinates
Quantum numbers
The solution to the radial equation can
exist only when a constant which arises in
the solution is restricted to integer values.
This gives the principal quantum number:
Relevance of Q.Numbers
Orbital shapes
Naming orbitals is done as follows
n is simply referred to by the quantum number
l (0 to n-1) is given a letter value as follows:
0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d, 3 = f
Orbital Shapes