STEEL STRUCTURES

Steel frame structure

Steel Structure

STEEL STRUCTURES

Selain daripada struktur kerangka konkrit, bangunan boleh

dibina daripada struktur kerangka keluli.

Bangunan daripada struktur ini dibina dengan menggunakan

Steel Sections tertentu untuk elemen Tiang, Rasuk, dan
Lantai.

Pembinaan lebih teguh dan tinggi serta cepat kerana dibina

di kilang.

Masalah utama adaalh pengkaratan kerana iklim Malaysia

yang panas dan lembap serta perlindungan daripada bahaya
api kerana keluli akan kehilangan kekuatannya apabila
terdedah kepada tindakan bahang api lebih 550C.
(Kebakaran lebih 1000C)

Contoh bangunan di Malaysia daripada strukturkeluli adalah

Daya Bumi, PNB, The Weld, KLCC Twin Tower (composite)
dsb.

Photos of Buildings
featuring
Steel Framework

Steel Structure
Buildings with steel skeletal
framework consisting of:
STEEL SECTIONS

TYPES OF STEEL SECTIONS

Hot Rolled Steel Sections

Castella Beams

Hollow Steel Sections

Cold Rolled Steel Sections

Universal Beam & Column yang paling biasa

digunakan.
Mengikut Piawai BS 4, Part 1&2

HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

Universal beams
Joist
Universal columns
Channels
Angels
T-bars

STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES

Consists

ANGLES
UNIVERSAL BEAMS
JOISTS

UNIVERSAL
COLUMN
CHANNELS

T bars

Hot Rolled Steel Section

T bars

Universal Sections
Universal beams
Joist
Universal columns

Angle
Castellated Sections

Channel

Universal Beam (I section)

T-Bars

Channel

Angles

CASTELLATED BEAM
Built up Section from UC Beam or Joist

Castella beams
Formed by flame cutting a standard
universal beam or column section
The increase in depth gives greater
resistance to deflection without adding
extra weight
Economical when used to support lightly
loaded floor or roof slabs

CASTELLATED BEAM

HOLLOW STEEL SECTION

Hollow
square
steel
section

Hollow
rectangular
Steel
section

Circulars
Hollow
Steel Section

Hollow steel section

Hollow sections are tubes of circular, square or
rectangular cross-section. They can also be made
from plates or double-T profiles by welding
Square hollow sections have the advantage that they
have the same resistance in the two principal
directions, enabling the minimum section dimensions
to be obtained.
Sometimes hollow sections are filled with concrete,
giving an increase in strength and, at the same time,
achieving significant fire resistance.

Hollow Rectangular Steel Section

Hollow Rectangular Steel Section

Circular Steel Section

COLD ROLLED STRIP

SECTIONS
Untuk bangunan rendah kerana
ianya lebih ringan dan mudah dari
segi pengangkutan.

Cold rolled strip sections

manufactured from hot rolled coil that
has been chemically cleaned before
being rolled.
reduces the thickness of the steel and
at the same time changes
the mechanical properties of the
steel.

Channel steel

Inwardly turned lip

Outwardly turned lip

STEEL STRUCTURE
METHODS OF CONNECTIONS
Bolts
Black bolts
High strength friction bolts
Rivets
Welding

CONNECTING STEEL MEMBERS

Joining steel Members

Rivets

Bolts

Welding

RIVETS
Rivets are manufactured from mild steel
bars
Rivets are made from bars by a machine
which forms the head and cuts the rivet of
the desired length as required.
The size rivet is the diameter of the shank.
Generally superseded by bolted and
welded connections
Available as cold or hot forged with a
variety of head shapes

Head

Shanks

Head

Shanks

RIVETS

RIVETS

BOLT & Nuts

four types of bolts

Black bolts
Tension bolts
Torshear bolts
Load indicating bolt

Bolts

Black Bolt

Torshear Bolt

Load Indicating
Bolt

Tension Bolt Nut

&Washer

Black bolts
The cheapest form of bolt available,the black bolt can
be either hot or cold forged,the thread being machined
onto the shank.
BS 4190 for black bolts and nuts for a diameter range
of 5 to 68 mm exclusive.
5 TO 68MM
DIAMETER

THREAD
HEXAGON HEADED

SHANK

Black Bolt

Tension Bolt Nut

&Washer

Torshear Bolt

Load Indicating
Bolt

Steel grade 2
Zinc plated low carbon steel. Best for general hardware
use where high strength is not required.
Steel grade 5
Made from medium carbon steel,
tempered and zinc plated.
Best for automotive use and other areas where
higher strength is desired.
Steel grade 8
Made from medium carbon alloy steel,
tempered and yellow zinc plated.
Best suited for applications where high strength and
hardness is required.

NUTS

 NUTS
Hex nuts
Used for fastening to a bolt when
mechanically joining materials together

Prevailing torque lock nuts

All metal lock nuts are non-reverseable and
often used high temperature applications.
more...

Hex machine screw nuts

This type refers to nuts used with
smaller
machine screw sizes under .
Square nuts
Square nuts, once very
common, were mostly
replaced by hex nuts.

BOLT & Nuts CONNECTION

WELDING

WELDING
The basic method of welding are oxyacetylene and electric arc
Classify as fillet or butts weld;
Fillet-used to the edges and end of
members.
Butts-used on chamfered end to end
connections.

TYPES OF WELDING

square bolt weld

J shaped weld

V shaped weld

back weld atau surface bead weld

Welding joint

WELDED CONNECTIONS

Structural steel connections

Column based
Beam to column

Beam to beam

Strutural steel connections

Column based

Column
Based
CONNECTIOn

Column
Based
CONNECTIOn

Steel Connection

Column-Column

Beam-column

Beam to column connection

Beam to column connection

column to column connection

Beam to column
Site connection

beam

Universal column

beam

Structural steel connections

Beam to beam

Beam to beam connection

Universal column

Either shop connections and can be made by using bolts , welding or

combine..

CONNECTIONS

BOLTS
WELDING
COMBINE BOLT AND
WELDING

JOINT DETAILS

WORLD TRADE
CENTER-US

PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK

STRUKTUR KERANGKA KELULI
cara-cara
melindungi
struktur
kerangka keluli

PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK

STRUKTUR KERANGKA KELULI
Disebabkan keluli akan kehilangan
kekuatan secara mendadak, suhunya
mencapai lebih 550C maka perlindungan
api bagi struktur kerangka yang dibina
daripada keluli adalah sangat penting.
Di bawah adalah cara-cara yang biasa
digunakan untuk melindungi struktur
kerangka keluli daripada api kebakaran;

Composite Structure

Composite systems utilize both steel and

concrete together in ways that neither
material predominates over the other.
Variation of composite structural systems:
i. steel frame surrounding concrete core
ii. steel beams encased in and interacting
with concrete enclosure
iii. steel outrigger beams used with concrete
structure.

Photos of Buildings featuring

Composite Framework