Factorial Designs

More than one Independent Variable:

Each IV is referred to as a Factor
All Levels of Each IV represented in the Other IV

A Two-Way ANOVA
Each Cell is a COMBINATION
Of Treatments for a Group of
Subjects

Factor B
Has 2
Levels

Factor A has 3 Levels

A Two-Way ANOVA
Marginal Means average across the Levels of the OTHER Factor

Marginal Means
For Factor B; do
They differ

Marginal Means for Factor A; do they differ?

A Two-Way ANOVA
A Two-Way ANOVA tells you:
1. What a One-Way ANOVA would find out about Factor A
2. What a One-Way ANOVA would find out about Factor B
3. If there is an Interaction between Factor A and Factor B

A Two-Way Interaction
An Interaction is the effect which one IV has on the effect which
The other IV has on the DV
Is the Difference between subjects who got Treatment B1 and B2
The Same irrespective of whether they got Treatment A1, A2, or A3?
The Other Side of the Same Coin:
Are the Differences among subjects who got Treatments A1, A2 and A2
The Same irrespective of whether they got Treatment B1 or B2?

Main Effects & Interactions

70

Mean AGGRESSION

IV1: Sports
IV2: Gender
DV: Aggression

Is the impact of sports on aggression different

For Males and females?

60

50

IV1: Main Effect

IV2: Main Effect
Interaction: None
Main Effect: Averaged
Across levels of the
Other IV

40

30

20

SEX
Female

10

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

Main Effects & Interactions

100

Mean AGGRESSION

IV1: Sports
IV2: Gender
DV: Aggression

Is the impact of sports on aggression different

For Males and females?

80

IV1: Main Effect

IV2: Main Effect
Interaction: Yes
Main Effect: Averaged
Across levels of the
Other IV

MM

60

40

20

N
N

YY

FF

SEX
Female

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

Main Effects & Interactions

100

Mean AGGRESSION

IV1: Sports
IV2: Gender
DV: Aggression

Is the impact of sports on aggression different

For Males and females?

80

IV1: Main Effect

IV2: Main Effect
Interaction: Yes
Main Effect: Averaged
Across levels of the
Other IV

MMM

60

40

20

N
N

YY
SEX

FF
F

Avg
Female

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

Main Effects & Interactions

80

Mean AGGRESSION

IV1: Sports
IV2: Gender
DV: Aggression

Is the impact of sports on aggression different

For Males and females?

70

IV1: No Main Effect

IV2: Main Effect
Interaction: Yes
Main Effect: Averaged
Across levels of the
Other IV

M
MMM

60

50

YY
SEX

FF
F

40

N
N

30

Avg
Female

20

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

Main Effects & Interactions

Is the impact of sports on aggression different
For Males and females?

IV1: Sports
IV2: Gender
DV: Aggression

80

Mean Aggression

70

IV1: No Main Effect

IV2: No Main Effect
Interaction: Yes

50

40

30

Main Effect: Averaged

Across levels of the
Other IV

M
MMM

60

N
N

YY
SEX

FF
F

Avg
Female

20

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

No Interaction

Main Effect
Differences Same for B1 and B2
And Same as Marginal Means

Main Effect

Differences same
For A1, A2, & A3
And Same as
Marginal Means

Yummy Interaction
A1, A2, & A3 Subjects
Change differently
(across Factor b) from one
Another and from
Marginal Means

B1 and B2 Subjects change differently (across Factor A) from

One another and from the Marginal Means
In my opinion: Interactions are more interesting and more important
Than main effects

Explaining the Relationship

Between the IV and DV
Does Sports (IV1) affect Aggression (DV)?
Yes but more so in males
Yes but only in males
Yes but oppositely in males and females (IV2)

If you have to qualify the relationship with a But, then you

Have an Interaction.

Interactions

Statistical Symbols

Sum
Type I Error
Type II Error
Population Mean
Population Correlation
Population Standard Deviation
Interaction

Interactions
Arms & Legs Not Parallel
Yes But more so in males

Mean AGGRESSION

100

80

60

40

SEX
20
Female
0

Male

No

Yes

SPORTS

Yes But only in males

Mean AGGRESSION

100

80

60

40

SEX
Avg

20
Female
0

Male

No

Yes

SPORTS

Yes But in different directions

Mean AGGRESSION

80

70

60

50

SEX
40
Avg
30

Female

20

Male

No

Yes

SPORTS

80

Yes But in different directions,

from different directions

Mean Aggression

70

60

50

SEX
40
Avg
30

Female

20

Male

No

Yes
SPORTS

Parvulus te Tergum

The Structure of the ANOVA

Partitioning the Total Sum of Squared Deviations
From the Grand Mean

Variation W/I Drug Time Combination

SS Error

D.V.: Reaction
Time

SS
Interaction
AxB

SS Main
Effect A

SS Main
Effect B

E.G., Drug

E.G., Time of Day

If you must run your reaction time study at 3 different times of day:
1. Counter Balance
2. Use Time as a Second IV to pull Main Effect and Interaction
Variance (SS) out of Error Term

Partitioning the Sums of Squares

Into 4 Parts
Variation of Individuals from
The Grand Mean
Variation of cell means
From Grand Mean
(SS_Between Cell)

Variation of Individuals
From their cell means
(SS-Within Cell)

Sum to SSCell
Every Subjects Score is composed of these 4 parts

Do It!
Step 1:
Calculate SS-Total
&
SS-Error

Group A1B1

mean=
11

Xi
12
11
10

X-XBarA1B1

dev sq

1
0
-1

X-GM
1 2.583333333
0 1.583333333
1 0.583333333

dev sq
6.673611
2.506944
0.340278

X-XBarA1B2
Group A1B2

mean=
10.333333

12
10
9

1.66666667 2.777778 2.583333333 6.673611

-0.3333333 0.111111 0.583333333 0.340278
-1.3333333 1.777778 -0.416666667 0.173611
dev sq
X-GM
dev sq
0.66666667 0.444444 -1.416666667 2.006944
-0.3333333 0.111111 -2.416666667 5.840278
-0.3333333 0.111111 -2.416666667 5.840278

X-XBarA2B1
Group A2B1

mean=
7.3333333

8
7
7

X-XBarA2B2
Group A2B2

mean=
9

10
9
8

GM= 9.416667

1
0
-1

dev sq

X-GM
1 0.583333333
0 -0.416666667
1 -1.416666667

9.333333
SSError

dev sq
0.340278
0.173611
2.006944
32.91667
SSTotal

Step 2: Calculate SS Main

Effects For A & B
A1
B1
12
12
11
11
10
10
12
8
10
7
9
7
Mean A1= 10.66667 9.166667
MeanA1-GM=
1.25
-0.25
dev sq=
1.5625
0.0625
A2
B2
8
12
7
10
7
9
10
10
9
9
8
8
Mean A2= 8.166667 9.666667
MeanA2-GM=
-1.25
0.25
dev sq=
1.5625
0.0625
18.75
SSA

0.75
SSB

Step 3: Calculate SS Interaction

SSTot-SSA-SSB-SSError
Or
SSCell-SSA-SSB
SSAxB=
SSAxB=

"f21-i23-j23-d21=
"o9-i23-j23=

4.083333
4.083333

Step 4: Calculate Degrees of

Freedom
DF Tot=
DF A=
DF B=
DF AxB=
DFError=

N-1
"2-1
"2-1
(2-1)*(2-1)
"11-3

11
1
1
1
8

Step 5: Calculate Mean Squares

Divide SS by df
DF Tot=
DF A=
DF B=
DF AxB=
DFError=

N-1
"2-1
"2-1
(2-1)*(2-1)
"11-3

11
1
1
1
8

MS A=
MS B=
MS AxB=
MSError=

18.75
0.75
4.083333333
1.166666667

Step 5: Calculate F-Values

Divide MS by MSError

MS A=
MS B=
MS AxB=
MSError=

18.75
0.75
4.083333333
1.166666667

F
16.07
0.64
3.50

p<0.01
p>0.05
p>0.05

Decision
If Interaction is non-significant:
Interpret Each Main Effect as if it came from a One-Way ANOVA
Do Tukey Post Hoc HSD test for every Significant IV with more
than 2 Levels

If Interaction is Significant:
Do a Simple Effects ANOVA on Each IV
For EVERY Level of the other IV
A 3x2 design would require 5 One-way ANOVAs

Post Hoc Tests for Each

Significant IV (If No Interaction)

X-Bars are the Marginal Means

Nt is the number of scores going into the Marginal Mean
Nt must be same size for both Marginal Means