GSM Training Final

Training Program
NETWORK SERVICES
AN INTRODUCTION TO
GSM Fundamentals
Global System for Mobile
Communication
IDEA Cellular Limited
Network Services, Maharashtra
Contents
Brief History of GSM
Features of GSM
GSM Identities
GSM Network Hierarchy
Location Updating
System Architecture
- Network Architecture
Transmission Problems
Traffic Cases
Contents Contd.
Cell Planning
Interference Types
Subscriber Services
Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra
GSM Tech. Specifications

Prepaid Services
Technology Comparison (GSM Vs CDMA)
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
History of GSM
1982: CEPT(Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications)
establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a
pan-European cellular mobile system.
1988: Validation of the GSM System.
1991: Commercial launch of the GSM service.
1992: Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage

of larger cities/airports.
1993: Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe.
1995: Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas.
GSM Driving Forces
Need for Frequency Re-use
Need for common standards
Need for greater capacity
Demand for new services
Demand for lower cost equipment
Need for greater competition
Increased security
Advanced services
Features of GSM
Spectrum efficiency
Low mobile and base stations costs
Good subjective voice quality
Compatibility with other systems such as ISDN (Integrated Services

Digital Network)
Open Network Architecture
Ability to support new services classified into three groups:

-Tele-Services
-Bearer Services
-Supplementary Services
Features of GSM Contd

Speech Services
-Telephony(+Voice Mail)
-Emergency Calls
Short Message Service(SMS)
- SMS is similar to the paging service,but much more
comprehensive,allowing bi-directional messages,store-and-forward
delivery,and acknowledgement of a successful delivery.
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
GSM Identities
In order to switch a call to mobile subscriber,the right entities need to be
involved.
It is thus important to address them correctly.
Numbering plans are used to identify different networks.
- Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) :
A number that uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription
As per CCITT recommendations,MSISDN is composed as follows

MSISDN = CC + NDC + NC + SN
CC
= Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
eg .
NC
= Network Code(For Idea,it is 22/50)
SN
= Subscriber Number
919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM
PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network)
This number is allocated to each subscriber for a correct identification
over the radio path and through the GSM PLMN network.
IMSI is used for all signaling in PLMN
IMSI is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),HLR and serving
VLR
IMSI consists of:
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code ( 3 digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code ( 2 digits)
MSN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10
digits)
eg : 404 + 22 + 0000123456
10
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

This number is a temporary number used to route a call
HLR knows the MSC/VLR area of the subscriber
HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a MSRN for
called subscriber.
HLR then sends the received MSRN to the GMSC,thus routing the call to
the MSC/VLR where subscriber is registered.
MSRN has three parts:
MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code

NC = Network Operator Code
SN = Subscriber Number (Address to serving MSC )
eg. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX Where,005XXX is sent by MSC.
00 is for Pune MSC,20 is for Nagpur MSC,10 is for Goa MSC.
11
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

IMEI is used for equipment identity
IMEI consists of :
IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp
TAC = Type Approval Code ( 6 digit )
FAC = Final Assembly Code (2 digit ) identifies
manufacturer
SNR = Serial Number ( 6 digit )

sp = spare for future use ( 1 digit )
eg. : 352518 + 00 + 581976 + 3
Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets.
IMEI length is 15 digits.
12
Location Area Identity (LAI)

Used for Location Updating of Mobile Subscribers
LAI consists of :
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC

MCC = Mobile Country Code (same numbering plan as in
IMSI)
MNC = Mobile Network Code ,identifies the GSM PLMN in that
country (as in IMSI )
LAC = Location Area Code ,identifies Location Area within
GSM PLMN.Length is 16 bits thus 65536 location areas can be
defined in one GSM PLMN.
eg. 404 +22 + 10000 where 10000 is the LAC for Pune.
13
Cell Global Identity (CGI)
Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

Only a CI parameter is added to LAI
CI = cell Identity,identifies a cell within a location area,max 16 digits
eg. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726
Where,
404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 is the CI of one of the cells
of Pune.CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell.
14
Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) :

Allows mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring
base stations.
BSIC consists of :
BSIC = NCC + BCC
NCC = Network Colour Code ( 3 bits ).Used to identify
operators on each side of the border
BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits ),identifies Base
Station to help distinguish between BTS using the same
BCCH frequencies
eg.
71
Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator.
and 1 is the BCC.BCC can range from 0 to 7.
15
GSM Network Hierarchy

GSM AREA
PLMN Service Area
MSC/VLR Area
Location Area
Cell
VLR
VLR
MSC
HLR
MSC
16
Cell
Cell
Area covered by the BTS which transmits and receives signals on Radio
Channels
Cell provides the complete coverage for the designed area
Each cell is allocated a number of Radio Channels.The MS and BTS

communicate over these radio channels.
Cell is identified by a number called CGI Cell Global Identification
17
Types of Cells
Different density of population gives the need for different types of cells:
Macro Cells
Micro Cells
Selective Cells
Umbrella Cells
- Macro Cell :
Large cells for remotely and scarcely populated area.
- Micro Cell :
Cells used in densely populated areas
Area is divided into smaller cells hence number of channels are
increased.
Capacity is also increased
Power level is decreased,thus reducing interference.
18
Selective Cell :
Used to define a cell with full coverage.
Cells with particular coverage and shape such as a tunnel are called
selective cells.
Umbrella Cell :
An umbrella cell covers several small micro cells
Power level of Umbrella Cell is kept high compared to micro cells forming
the umbrella cell.
Umbrella cell thus handles high speed mobiles reducing internal
handovers
Mobile thus stays longer within the same Umbrella Cell
19
Location Area
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA
A group of Cells form a Location Area

Location Area is identified by Location Area Identity (LAI)
Within the location area
A Paging Message is broadcast to inform the MS of an incoming call.
VLR need not be updated when subscriber moves between different
Location Areas.
Each BTS in a Location Areas is controlled by a BSC .
Each Location Area can be served by one or more BSC
One Location Area can be served by one MSC only.
20
MSC/VLR Area
Service Area
MSC/VLR Area
Cell
Location Area
Cell
Cell
LA1
VLR
Cell
MSC
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA2
MSC and VLR are combined to form one unit

Area served by this MSC/VLR is called as MSC/VLR Area
Contains one or more Location Areas
Calls to subscribers within that service area will be routed to the MSC
serving the service area
21
PLMN Area
MSC/VLR Area
2
MSC/VLR Area
1
Location Area
Location Area
VLR
Cell
VLR
Cell
MSC 2
MSC 1
HLR
HLR 1
One or More MSC/VLR areas are combined to form a PLMN Area

PLMN Area is the area covered by one network operator
Each PLMN area has atleast one HLR which contains the data for
subscribers within its PLMN area
More than one HLR can be used depending on the number of subscribers
22
GSM Area
GSM AREA
PLMN AREA
MSC/VLR AREA
Cell
Geographical Area within which GSM Service is available

Consists of all PLMN areas within GSM
Subscriber in a GSM area can continuously use the network.
23
Location Updating
In order to route an incoming call it is necessary that the network should
know the location of the subscriber
As the subscriber roams through the network,the MS informs the network of
the current location .This process is called as Location Updating.
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
Location Update Done.

24
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
25
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
26
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
Location Update Not Required

27
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
28
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
Location Update Required because subscriber moved to new location area.

29
Attached / Detached
MS can be ATTACHED when

- MS is turned ON
- MS is busy,eg. Call in progress
- MS is idle
MS is DETACHED when
- MS is turned OFF
30
System Architecture
A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of

three major subsystems:
the Network Switching Sub System (NSS) or (SSS)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS).
The Mobile Station (MS) is usually considered to be part of the BSS.
31
Network Architecture
Switching System
(SS)
AUC
VLR
HLR
EIR
MSC
OMC
Base Station System
(BSS)
BSC
BTS
MS
32
Mobile Station
It Consists of two main elements:
The mobile equipment or terminal
The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile Equipment/Terminal:
There are different types of terminals distinguished principally be their
power and application:
- Fixed Terminals: The ones installed in cars.Max. allowed output power is
20W.
- GSM Portable Terminals: The ones installed in vehicles.Max. allowed
output power is 8W.
- Handheld Terminals: Which have experienced biggest success because of

their decreasing weight and volume.They emit up to 2W power.With
evolution of technologies the max. allowed power has decreased to 0.8W.
33
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
Smart card which identifies the terminal.
Protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to

identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some
parameters of the user such as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI).
34

BSC
Base Station System
(BSS)
BTS
MS
Incharge of Transmission and Reception.

Divided into two parts:
- Base Transreceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station (BS).
- Base Station Controller (BSC).
Connects MS and SS (Switching Subsystem)
35

Base Station Trans Receiver (BTS):
Corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the

network.
Size of the cell depends on BTSs transmitting power
Base Station Controller (BSC):
BSC controls one or more number of BTSs.
Controls handovers,frequency hopping,exchange functions

and radio frequency power levels of BTSs.
BSC
BTS
36
Switching Subsystem (SS)
The switching subsystem includes the equipment and functions related to

end-to-end calls, management of subscribers, mobility,and interface with
the fixed PSTN.
The network and the switching subsystem together include the main
switching functions of GSM as well as the databases needed for
subscriber data and mobility management.
Switching Subsystem consists of:
AUC
- Mobile Switch Center (MSC)

- Visitor Location Register (VLR)
- Home Location Register (HLR)
VLR
HLR
EIR
- Authentication Center (AUC)

- Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
MSC
37
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC):
Performs switching functions of the network.
Provides connection to other networks.
Call Control and Mobility Management.
Management of MSC-Subscriber
Signaling.
Interface to HLR,VLR,EIR.
Decides whether to grant access to an MS to make a call
Charging Management.
AUC
VLR
HLR
EIR
MSC
Tone and Announcements.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center (GMSC):
Interface between mobile cellular network and the PSTN.
In charge of routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user.
38
Home Location Register (HLR)

AUC
VLR
HLR
EIR
MSC
Database that stores information of Subscribers within its

MSC/VLR area
Subscriber Number
Details of supplementary services ,whether subscriber can

make international calls etc
Subscriber Authentication Parameters ,which is obtained from

AUC
39
Visitor Location Register (VLR)

AUC
VLR
HLR
EIR
MSC
The VLR constitutes the database that supports the MSC in the
storage and retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area.
The VLR supports a mobile paging and tracking subsystem in the

local area where the mobile is presently roaming.
A VLR may be in charge of one or several Location Areas.
40
Authentication Centre (AUC)

AUC
VLR
HLR
EIR
MSC
Authentication information and ciphering keys are stored in a

database within the AUC, which protects the user information against
unwanted disclosure and access.
The HLR is responsible for the "authentication" of the subscriber each

time he makes or receives a call.AUC only generates the
authentication parameters.
The AUC, which actually performs this function, is a separate GSM

entity that will often be physically included with the HLR.
41
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

VLR
AUC
HLR
EIR
EIR
MSC
EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered MS.
There are three classes of MS that are stored in the database, and each group
has different characteristics.
White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned to
valid MSs.
Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen.
Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example,
faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MSs with
faults not important enough for barring.
42
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
OMC
The main purpose of the OMC is to perform all operations and

maintenance functions on elements of the GSM PLMN system.
The OMC uses a separate Telecommunications Management Network

(TMN) to communicate with the various components of the GSM system. In
general, it is done through leased lines on the PSTN or other fixed networks.
In our Network,OMC is not separate.It is a part of the BSC only.
43
Location Updating in new MSC/VLR Area

VLR-1
HLR
VLR-2
MSC 2
MSC 1
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
LA2
MS is registered in new MSC/VLR

VLR sends message to networks HLR
HLR thus gets the new location
VLR can now get subscriber parameters from HLR
HLR then :
updates the location of subscriber
sends subscriber information to VLR
instructs VLR of old MSC to erase subscriber data
44
Transmission Problems
In radio communication the transmission quality varies from one

place to another.
Two major factors affecting quality of transmission are:

1.
Distance between transmitter and receiver
2.
Reflections or obstructions due to man made or natural

structures
- General Transmission problems affecting Transmission Quality:

Path Loss
Shadowing
Multi path Fading
45
Path Loss
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal strength reduces
46
Path Loss
47
Path Loss
48
Path Loss
This decrease in strength is called PATH LOSS.
Power Loss d2f2
where,d is the distance from the BTS

f is the frequency
Thus power decreases with distance and frequency

But in the cellular system,due to the presence of Base Station this problem
does not occur as a new transmission path is established before the
previous is broken
49
Shadowing
More often we observe hills ,trees and buildings between MS and the BTS
50
Shadowing
51
Shadowing
52
Shadowing
This environmental attenuation of radio signal is called SHADOWING.

Thus signal strength increases or decreases depending on the presence of
obstacles between the Tx and Rx antenna
Thus a mobile subscriber experiences both PATH LOSS and SHADOWING
53
Multi Path Fading
Signal transmitted by a BTS may be interfered by:

Trees
Buildings
Hills
Other Vehicles
This produces more than one path between the BTS and MS.
Thus some signals may be cancelled which reduces the signal strength.
54
Traffic Cases
Call from PSTN Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber
Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN Subscriber
Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber
Call from PSTN to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber

is in Roaming
Call from Mobile to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber

is in Roaming
55
Call from PSTN to a Mobile Subscriber

4. IMSI
HLR
3. MSISDN
VLR
6. MSRN
GMSC
5. MSRN
MSC
2. MSISDN
BSC
PSTN
EXCH
BTS
1. MSISDN
MS
The The
VLR
The
GMSC
selects
interrogates
a roaming
number(MSRN)
the
where
the
and
subscriber
links
itMSC.
to
isSubscriber.
the
registered
IMSI
fortothe
find
GMSC
requests
abe
Mobile
Random
Number(MSRN).The
MSRN
is
The
PSTN
GMSC
routes
uses
this
the
call
number
to
the
tothe
nearest
route
the
Gateway
call
toMobile
the
MSC(GMSC)
First,the
PSTN
subscriber
dials
GSM
subscribers
number(MSISDN).
HLR
call
forwards
can
then
the
MSRN
switched
toHLR
the
via
the
GMSC.
BSS
to
the
In
the
HLR,the
MSISDN
isStation
translated
into
an
International
Mobile
Subscriber
duration
where
of the
the
subscriber
call.VLR
sends
is currently
the
MSRN
located
i.e.
the
the
HLR
MSC
service
a
temporary
number
used
by
the
GMSCtoto
route
the call
to thearea.
correct
Identity
(IMSI)
andthe
sent
toVLR
the
VLR.
The
interrogates
the
for routing
information.
TheHLR
MSC
checks
VLR
for Location
Area
of the Subscriber.
MSC in the service area currently being visited by the MS.
56
Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN

Subscriber
PSTN
B-Number
VLR
MSC
Call
Acknowledgement
Call
Request
BTS
Call
Request
This
message
is
processed
by the MSC/VLR
by:switched the MSC/VLR to
The
MS
in turns
sends
the B-number
and
this
is
If
the
MS
is
being
granted
access
to
the
network,then
a call request
AMarking
the MS
busy is sent by the MS to the MSC/VLR.
call request
message
the
PSTN.
When
the call has
set up
by the
PSTN,the to
MSC/VLR
is sent
from
MSC/VLR
the MS.will allocate a
acknowledgement
Completing
the been
Authentication
Procedure
TCH
to the MS
the call will be connected.
Preparing
forand
Ciphering
Checking the mobile subscribers categories
57
Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile

Subscriber
MSISDN
GMSC
MSISDN
MSISDN, MSRN
Request
VLR-1
MSC
Call
Request
MSRN
MSRN Request
HLR
IMSI
MSRN
MSC
Call
Acknowledgement
Page
Message
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
Subscriber A
VLR-2
Subscriber B
Subscriber
Asends
sends the
B-number(MSISDN)
to
the MSC/VLR-1.
When
the
B-subscriber
responds
to
the
page
message,a
traffic
channel
is the
Subscriber
A
a
call
request
to
the
MSC/VLR-1.This
is
processed
by the
IfThe
the
MS
is
being
granted
access
to
the
network,then
amessage
call
request
acknowledgement
The
B-subscribers
MSC/VLR
routes
the
call
to
the BSC
which
then
sends
page
GMSC
sends
an
MSRN
request
to
the
HLR.
The
VLR-2
sends
a
MSRN
to
the
HLR
and
the
HLR
sends
it
to
the
GMSC.
The
HLR
converts
the
MSISDN
to
IMSI
and
sends
the
MSRN
request
to
the
MSC/VLR-1
by
marking
MS
the
Authentication
both
Athe
and
B-subscriber
BSCs
and
the
call
is connected.
The
GMSC
now
uses
MSRN
to route
calland
to
the
B-Subscribers
MSC/VLR-2
The MSC/VLR-1
analyses
the
B-number(MSISDN)
routes
the call
to the GMSC.
isallocated
sent
fromfrom
the
MSC/VLR-1
tobusy,completing
the
MS. the
message
to
the
B-subscriber.
VLR-2.
procedure,preparing for Ciphering and checking the Mobile Subscribers categories.
Network Services, Maharashtra 58
Call from PSTN to Mobile in Roaming

HLR-Pune
MSRN
MSC/VLRMumbai
GMSC
Call
Request
Paging
PSTN
EXCH
BSC
BTS
Roaming Subscriber
PSTN Subscriber
PUNE
MUMBAI
59
Call from Mobile to Mobile in Roaming

HLR-Pune
MSRN
MSC/VLRMumbai
MSC
Call
Request
Paging
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
Calling Subscriber
PUNE
Roaming Subscriber
MUMBAI
60
Cell Planning
Initial information required for cell planning is:

The likely geographical distribution of Mobile Units.
The traffic behavior of subscribers.
The required quality of service.
The required geographical coverage.
All Cell Planning begins by making a Nominal Cell Plan.

This is a proposed layout of cells which meet the given:
Quality
Coverage
Capacity
requirements.
The traffic calculations are done with a unit called Erlangs.
61
Important Definitions
Cell: The area that is covered from a BTS.
Omni Cell: A Cell with an omni-directional BTS antenna system.

Sector Cell: A Cell with a (uni-) directional BTS antenna system.
Site: The geographical location where the RBS equipment is stored,and the
BTS antennas are mounted.
3-Sector-Site: A site with equipment for three sector cells.

Uplink: When signal travels from MS(Mobile Station) to BTS(Base
Transreceiver Station),it is called uplink.
Downlink: When signal travels from BTS(Base Transreceiver Station to
MS(Mobile Station),it is called downlink.
Repeater: It is a bi-directional RF(Radio Frequency) amplifier system that
picks up the signals from an existing base station(donor),amplifies it and
redirects it to the subscribers.It extends coverage to another area.
Booster: It is an amplifier which is used to amplify the signal level at any place
and throw the signal in the same area.It is generally used for indoor coverage.
62
The Hexagon Cell Shape

Real world planning must consider the fact that radio propagation is
very much dependent on Terrain and other factors.
63
Handover
Handover is a process in which an MS in active connection

state is moved to another radio channel
Handover can occur :

Within the same BSC area : BSC has to make connection to
the new BTS
Different BSC area but same MSC/VLR area : BSC has to make
connection with new BSC and from this BSC to new BTS .The new
BTS then connects to the MS
Different MSC/VLR area : Both MSC/VLRs are now involved.
- MSC/VLR1 sends a Handover Request to MSC/VLR2.
- New BSC sets up connection to new BTS.
- When connection is ready,new BSC informs old BSC and
in turn the MS to execute Handover
64
Interference Types
Co-Channel interference(C/I): It is the ratio of the level of the received desired

signal level to the level of the received undesired signal level.
It is caused by frequency reuse in the cellular network.
If a system can tolerate a lot of co-channel

interference,cells using the same channels can be
located closer to each other.
The greater tolerance a system can offer w.r.t

co-channel interference,the greater the capacity it can
offer.
65
Adjacent Channel Interference(C/A):

It occurs,for eg.,when a BTS transmitting on a frequency f,picks up a signal
from a mobile station or BTS in another cell transmitting on a neighboring
frequency.
A neighboring frequency is a frequency which is 200Khz higher or lower than
f.
Received
Adjacent
Signal
Channel f
Channel
Strength
f+200kHz
f+200kHz ADJACENT
Because these frequencies are adjacent,(only separated by 200 kHz),some

of the power in the adjacent frequency will break through the receiver
filter for frequency f and cause interference.
66
Subscriber Services
Telecommunication services are divided into:

~ Tele-services : Provides subscriber with all necessary terminal
equipment to communicate with other subscriber.
~ Supplementary Services : Accomplished by complementing various
GSM Services
- Tele-services :
Speech : Most fundamental service offered in order to make and receive
calls to fixed and mobile subscribers all over the world.
Facsimile group : This service facilitates a GSM connected fax to
communicate with any analogue fax in the fixed network.
Short Message services (SMS) : A message consisting of around 160
messages to be sent to subscriber.It can be sent even if mobile is switched
off.
67
SMS Cell Broadcast : A short message can be broadcasted to all mobile

within a certain geographical area.
DTMF : Dual Tone Multi Frequency is a tone signaling scheme often used for
various control purposes via the telephone network.
Voice Mail : Service is an answering machine which records the voice of
calling subscriber and can be listened to whenever required using a personal
code.
- Supplementary Services :
Call Forwarding : Service gives subscriber facility to forward incoming calls to
another number under different conditions:
- Call forward on MS not reachable
- Call forwarding when MS is busy
- Call forwarding on no reply
- Call forward unconditional
68
Barring of outgoing calls : The subscriber can activate or deactivate service from
the mobile station.Conditions of Call Barring are:
- Barring of all outgoing calls
- Barring all outgoing international calls

- Barring of all outgoing international calls except those directed to
home PLMN
Barring of Incoming Calls : Bars subscribers incoming calls.Conditions for this
barring are:
- Barring of all incoming calls
- Barring of incoming calls when roaming outside home PLMN
Advice of charge : Provides subscriber with information required to calculate an
estimate of charge for a call.
Call Waiting : Subscriber is notified of an incoming call when one call is in
progress.
Call Hold : Allows subscriber to switch between calls ,keeping the other on hold.
69
Multi-party service : Enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multi-party

conservation.
Calling line Identification Presentation Services : This service provides both
restriction and presentation of calling line identity.Presentation allows calling
number to be displayed whereas restriction prevents the display of calling
number.
Connected line Identification Restriction : This services allows/disallows the
called partys number to be displayed.
Closed user group : Enables subscribers connected to the PLMN/ISDN and
possibly other networks to form groups to and from which access is
restricted.Members of group can communicate with each other but not
generally with users outside the group.
70
Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra
71
GSM Tech. Specifications

Frequency Band :
Up link
Down link
Duplex distance
Carrier distance
Modulation
Access method
890 MHz -915 MHz

935 MHz -960 MHz
45 MHz
200 KHz
GMSK
TDMA & FDMA
72
Prepaid Services
Prepaid is a service where in subscriber has to pay in advance
Features of Prepaid service :

- Rechargeable options
- Customized messages
- Multiple languages and automatic language selection
- Fixed number auto-dialing

- Automatic expiration date
- Warning messages
- User friendly management of activation,deactivation and recharges
- Short message services (SMS)
73
Prepaid Services Contd

- Call forwarding
- Call cost and after call balance (depending on the operator)

- Other promotional features benefits
- Almost all services that are available for postpaid subscribers can be
availed by a prepaid subscriber
74
Prepaid Services/IN(Intelligent
Network)
Prepaid Subscribers are charged online for their services using the IN
(Intelligent Network )
IN contains database of balance of each prepaid subscriber in terms of

Rupees
IN also contains Voucher Database and Tariff Tables
Before a prepaid subscriber originates a call or sends an SMS, MSC

interrogates with IN. IN checks subscriber balance, reserves the
amount applicable to that call from subscribers balance and then lets
the call complete.
Once subscribers balance reaches zero or his validity period

expires,he can buy a new voucher and update.
75
Air Interface Techniques
Different techniques are adopted to use the same frequency

band by different users without causing interference.
Some of the Air Interface Access techniques are:

- TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) : Channel is divided into a number
of Time Slots.
- FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access ) : Available spectrum is
divided into a number of radio channels of specified bandwidth.
- CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) : All users share the same
radio frequency at the same time and are channelised by using
unique assigned code.
TDMA
FDMA
CDMA
76
GSM Vs CDMA
Radio Channel is divided into sequential time
slots
Frequency is channelized by using unique

access code
Used in most developed nations and has more

than 500 million subscribers all over the world
Used mostly in South Korea,North

America,Australia,Taiwan and parts of
China.Has 80 million subscribers
GSM Mobiles have a SIM card which has many

functions and is convenient . ( eg You can
change handset w/o change of number or
settings)
CDMA Mobiles do not have SIM cards hence

one has to stick to the same handset wherever
he goes
Range from tower is approx 35 kms
Range from tower is approx 110 kms
Power output from GSM phone is 2 W
Power output from CDMA phone is 200 mW
Talk-time is high due to pulse nature
Talk-time is low as it transmits all time
As the number of users over network increases

voice quality remains good
As the number of users increases over the

network,voice quality deteriorates.
Data transmission speed is only 56 kbps.But can

be improved with GPRS and EDGE
Data transmission is high from 153 Kbps to 614

Kbps.
77
GPRS (General Packet Radio

Service )
Non-voice value added service
GPRS offers faster data transmission via a GSM network within a range of
9.6 Kbps to 115 Kbps
Users can make a telephone call and receive data at the same time i.e. one
can make calls and receive E-Mail messages at the same time
- Features of GPRS :
- Speed :Provides a max speed of 21 Kbps per time slot (Depending on
quality of network & number of simultaneous users)
- Instant Connectivity: GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby
information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises,
subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary.
- New and Better Applications : All applications available over internet will
be enabled in GPRS such as FTP,chat E-mail etc.
78
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for

GSM Evolution)
An add-on to GPRS and cannot work alone
It allows consumers to connect to the Internet and send and receive data,
including digital images, web pages and photographs, three times faster
than an ordinary GSM/GPRS network .
EDGE enables GSM operators to offer higher-speed mobile-data access,

serve more mobile-data customers, and free up GSM network capacity to
accommodate additional voice traffic, as compared to GPRS.
Provides higher throughput and capacity by adding new modulation and

coding to GPRS and by making radio link adjustments to protocols.
IDEA CELLUAR LTD is the First Operator to provide EDGE services in

INDIA.
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80

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Network Services, Maharashtra

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Tech. Specifications

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

Network Services, Maharashtra

1992: Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Driving Forces

Need for Frequency Re-use

Need for common standards

Need for greater capacity

Demand for new services

Demand for lower cost equipment

Need for greater competition

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Low mobile and base stations costs

Good subjective voice quality

Compatibility with other systems such as ISDN (Integrated Services

Open Network Architecture

Ability to support new services classified into three groups:

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Features of GSM Contd

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

It is thus important to address them correctly.

Numbering plans are used to identify different networks.

- Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) :

A number that uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription

As per CCITT recommendations,MSISDN is composed as follows

NDC = National Destination Code

= Network Code(For Idea,it is 22/50)

IDEA Cellular Limited

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Network Services, Maharashtra

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

NDC = National Destination Code

Network Services, Maharashtra

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

SNR = Serial Number ( 6 digit )

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Location Area Identity (LAI)

LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) :

Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator.

and 1 is the BCC.BCC can range from 0 to 7.

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Network Hierarchy

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Cell provides the complete coverage for the designed area