ANATOMY

What is anatomy?
Studies

of internal plant structure,

cell and tissue
Cell : single unit of living
organisms, which divides
repeatedly to form tissue until
develops into organism
Tissue : Aggregate or clump of
cells, form differentiated organs

PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

1. Protoplasm : Except for the wall,

everything in the cell is a
protoplasm, composed of organelles
2. Nucleus : storage of genetic
information, DNA
3. Vacuole :single membrane, water
and salts
4. Mitochondria : cellular respiration,
release of energy

5. Cell wall
Almost all plant cells have
walls
Primary and secondary cell
wall
Primary wall cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin
Secondary wall - lignin

CELL WALL

NUCLEUS

Cell wall component

A. Cellulose main structural

component, cellulose molecules
bind strongly to form microfibril.
Clothing, paper, furniture
B. Hemicellulose gluelike substance
that holds the cellulose fibrils
(microfibrils) together
C. Pectin organic material that gives
stiffness or hardness. Soluble fibers.

Middle lamella consist of

pectin providing cell adhesion
Microfibril contain cellulose
(glucose polymer)
Primary wall matrix consist of
hemicellulose and pectin

Secondary wall
Contains more cellulose than
primary wall
Contains lignin and suberin
making the wall rigid and
strong

6. Plastid
Plastids are responsible for
photosynthesis, storage of products
like starch and for the synthesis of
many classes of molecules such as
fatty acid and terpenes which are
needed as cellular building blocks
and/or for the function of the plant.
Chloroplast are the more familiar
plastid photosynthesis

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Permanent region of growth
Actively dividing
Apical and lateral meristem
Characteristics : small, six-sided
boxlike cell, large nucleus, tiny
vacuole

1. Apical meristem :
Found at, or near the tips of root and
shoot
Apical meristem increase in cell, the
plant elongates
Primary growth
From apical meristem, three primary
meristem also called primary tissue
Primary tissue : Protoderm, ground
meristem and procambium

1. Protoderm will develop into

epidermis
2. Procambium will produce water
conducting, primary xylem and
food conducting primary phloem

3. Ground tissue will produce two

tissue : parenchyma cell and
cortex cell

2.Lateral meristem
Produces tissue that
increase in girth/width
Secondary growth
Vascular cambium and
cork cambium

A.Vascular cambium or cambium

Produces secondary tissue for
support and conduction function
Thin cylinder and brick shaped
cells
Cambial cylinder often branches
Responsible for most increase
inplants girth

Phloem

vascular
cambium

xylem

B. Cork cambium
Thin cylinder cell, causes length of root or
stems
Outside vascular cambium, just below cork
cell

TISSUE PRODUCED BY MERISTEMS

After cells are produced by meristem,
the cells become into various size
related to their function.
Simple and complex tissue.
Simple tissue have one kind of cell.
Complex tissue have two or more
kind of cells

SIMPLE TISSUE
1. PARENCHYMA

 Parenchyma tissue composed of

parenchyma cells
Most abundant and found in
almost of the major parts of plants
Spherical (round) when new
When increasing, pushed up
against each other and become
thin and flattened at point of
contact

procambium

parenchyma

phloem

xylem

Parenchyma has large vacuole,

thin cell wall, may contain
starch, oils, tannins, crystals or
secretions
Chlorenchyma = parenchyma
cell that contain chloroplast in
leaf

2. Collenchyma
Like parenchyma but cell wall are
thicker and uneven in thickness
Uneveness due to extra primary
wall in the corners
Usually occurs just beneath the
epidermis
Typically longer than wider
Shoot tips and young petiole

Collenchyma cells

3. Sclerenchyma
Has both primary wall and a
thick secondary wall that is
usully lignified (contain lignin)
Most sclerenchyma cell are
dead at maturity
Two type : sclereid and fibers

a. Sclereid
Stone cells
Randomly
distribute
Found in nut
shell, pear,
stony fruits like
peaches
Causes
hardness

b. Fibers
Long, slender
Thick wall
sclerenchyma
Usually
occurring in
strands or
bundles
Widely used
for textiles,
rope

FIBER

COMPLEX TISSUE
1. XYLEM
2. PHLOEM
3. EPIDERMIS
4. PERIDERM
5. SECRETORY
CELL

1. XYLEM
For water and mineral absorbtion
Consist of parenchyma cell, fibers,
vessels, tracheids and ray cells
Vessels : Long tube made up of
individuals called vessel elements, open
at each end
Tracheids : like vessel element, but
closed at each end

Type of vessels

Tracheids

 There are a
pair of pits
present
wherever
two
tracheids are
in contact
with each
other

2. Phloem
Transport dissolved food
materials, mainly sugars produced
by photosynthesis
Two type of cells, both without
secondary wall
a. Sieve tube members
b. Sieve plate

a. Sieve tube members

Cylindrical, companion cell which are
narrower
Also includes rays, parenchyma and fibers
Laid end to end

b. Sieve plate
Two ends of the sieve tube
Sieve tube have no opening
but closed by sieve plate
Wall with pores

SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS

3. EPIDERMIS
The outermost layer of cells of plant
organs
Direct contact with the environment
Usually one cell thick
Secrete fatty substance called cutin within
and surface of outer wall
Cutin formed a protective layer called
cuticle
Leaf epidermis
: hairs or trichomes
: pores called stomata

4. PERIDERM
In woody plants, epidermis is replaced by
a periderm
Outer bark that consist of boxlike cork
cells which are dead at maturity
Cork cells can secrete fatty substance
called suberin to be water proof
Some part of cork cambium from pockets
of loosely arranged parenchyma cell called
LENTICEL

Cork cell

5. SECRETORY CELLS
Derived from parenchyma cells
Secrete oils (citrus), nectar
(flower), mucilage (sundew), latex
(rubber), resin

Nectar secreting cell

Mucilage in cell of cacti

ROOT ANATOMY
ROOT CAP
Parenchyma cell covering tip or root
Protect from damage

MONOCOT ROOT

Dicot root anatomy

ROOT CORTEX
Composed of parenchyma cell
Between epidermis and inner
tissue
Store food

STEM ANATOMY

STEM CORTEX
Interior part of epidermis
2 type : simple and complex
Simple : Photosynthetic
parenchyma or collenchyma
Complex : Specialized cells,
secreting cells, produce latex
(laticifers) or resin (resin duct)

Laticifiers = secreting cell that

produce latex

Bicollateral vascular bundles

CUCURBITACEAE

3
1 5

2
4

1 Inner phloem 2 Outer phloem 3 Vessel

4 Vessel 5 Vascular cambium

LEAF ANATOMY

Monocot leaf system

Dicot leaf system

Pore = stomata pore