HSDPA Technology

ZTE University

Content

Driver to HSDPA
HSDPA Theory
HSDPA Algorithm
HSDPA Solution

Competition to operator
2.5G
GPRS: 9.05 -171.2kbit/s,
Service deployment is bad
CDMA2000 1x: 153.6kbit/s,
Service deployment is good

3G
CDMA 1x EV-DO: 2.4Mbit/s
WCDMA R99/R4: 2Mbit/s

R99

Peak data rate (Kbps)

Mean data rate (Kbps)

Introduce HSDPA
to WCDMA

The driver to HSDPA

HSDPA is a new technology to enhance WCDMA PS data service

HSDPA gives subscribers new experience of higher speed data

service with shorter time delay

HSDPA brings more bandwidth and more online subscribers

It is necessary and feasible to introduce HSDPA to WCDMA network

With consideration of network planning and deployment cost, HSDPA

should be applied at the beginning, or at least the Node B should
hardware ready for HSDPA

HSDPA brings new requirement of transmission and network planning.

Pay more attention to it.

HSDPA, Mature technology

2002.6 R5 released
2003.6 HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) was added into R5

HSDPA --Max. downlink data rate: 14.4Mbps

HSDPA is smoothly evolved from WCDMA R99 without any big effect to the
existing R99 network

1 new transport channel: HS-DSCH

3 new physical channelsHS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH
MAC-hs sub-layer, HARQ (Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest), Fast
Scheduling and AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

Competition advantage of HSDPA

Standard

Data rate (Mbps)

Subscribers per cell

WCDMA R99/R4

31PS64k, 15PS128k or 7PS384k

(SF=32, SF=16 or SF=8)

14.4

64
(117.7kbps per user, SF=16, R=3/4,
16QAM)

HSDPA

CDMA2000 1x EVDO

2.4

59
(only tens of kbps, 200kbps when 8
users is configured)

HSDPA supports more users while provides higher data rate!

Content

Driver to HSDPA
HSDPA Theory
HSDPA Algorithm
HSDPA Solution

Evolve from R99/R4 to HSDPA

UE

RLC

RLC

UTRAN

MAC

MAC-d

MAC
(add
MAC-hs)

HS-DSCH
DSCH
FP

HS-DSCH
DSCH
FP
FP

L2

L2

L1

L1

MAC-hs

PHY
PHY
(add 3
channels)

PHY
PHY
(add
process)
Uu

Iub/ Iur

RNC, Node B: add HS-DSCH FP protocol process, involve Iub/Iur

Node B: add MAC-hs, responsible for AMC, HARQ, etc.
Node B: add 3 physical channels: HS-PDSCH,HS-SCCH,HS-DPCCH
UE: add MAC-hs, physical channels and process, modulation

New physical channels of HSDPA

DCCHUL DTCH
DPCH
HS-PDSCH
CN

UTRAN

UE

HS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH

DL DTCH

R99 channel
HSDPA channel

HS-PDSCH is the bearer of HS-DSCH, transfer HSDPA user data (downlink) 2ms TTI, 3
slots, spread factor is fixed to 16, multiple users & multiple codes, modulation method:
QPSK and 16QAM
HS-SCCH bears information of HS-DSCH such as UE specialized mask code, modulation
and coding policy, etc. (downlink) 2ms TTI, 3 slots, spread factor is fixed to 128
HS-DPCCH bears feedback information of HS-PDSCH such as Channel Quality Indication
(CQI), H-ARQ confirm information ACK/NACK, etc. (uplink) 2ms TTI, 3 slots, spread factor
is fixed to 256

HSDPA working procedure

Evaluation, HS-DSCH parameters setting

Data Packet

Receive data from HS-DSCH

according to Detecting
HS-SCCH

Node B
(AMC and HARQ)

RNC

AMC, modulation and coding selection

HARQ, lowers the time delay, improves the
data throughput
Fast scheduling, quick decision

Key technology: AMC (1)

Standard

AMC

Remark

R99/R4

Quick power control

HSDPA

Satisfy 15dB SIR dynamic range

Adaptive Modulation and

Coding (AMC), Node B can
adjust modulation (QPSK,
16QAM) and coding rate (1/3,
3/4, etc) in time according to
the feedback channel state
from UE. So data transferring
can follow the step of channel
state changing in time, it is a
good technology for link selfadaptive

For long time delay packet

data, AMC can improve
system capacity without add
interference to neighbor cells

Key technology: AMC (2)

Modulation (QPSK, 16QAM) self-adaptive
Good channel state: 16QAM
Bad channel state: QPSK

CQI (Report periodically)

Node B

Coding rate (1/3, 3/4, etc.) self-adaptive

Good channel state: 3/4
Bad channel state: 1/3

Efficiently utilize the channel condition

Good channel state: higher speed
Bad channel state: lower speed

Codes adjusting
Good channel state: more codes
Bad channel state: fewer codes

Key technology: AMC (3)

HSDPA, R99/R4 channel bearing ability comparison

Standard

Data rate (kbps)

SF

Modulation

Coding rate

R99/R4

384

QPSK

1/3

HSDPA

720

16

16QAM

3/4

HSDPA, the service bearing ability of one channel is further larger than
R99/R4 by using more efficient modulation and coding rate, while SF is
twice as R99/R4

As using bigger SF, system can support more users

Key technology: AMC (4)

HSDPA throughput, relative with modulation & coding rate
Modulation coding
rate

Data rate
(1 code)

Data rate
(5 codes)

Data rate
(15 codes)

QPSK 1/4

120kbps

600kbps

1.8Mbps

QPSK 1/2

240kbps

1.2Mbps

3.6Mbps

QPSK 3/4

360kbps

1.8Mbps

5.4Mbps

16QAM 1/2

480kbps

2.4Mbps

7.2Mbps

16QAM 3/4

720kbps

3.6Mbps

10.8Mbps

HSDPA can provide data rate per user up to 10.8Mbps (16QAM, 3/4) by
AMC and multiple codes technology

In the situation of high speed, HSDPA requires high channel condition

Key technology: HARQ (1)

Standard

HARQ

Remark

R99/R4

FEC is in high layer

ARQ is in RLC layer, channel feedback is slow

HSDPA

Includes physical layer HARQ and HARQ entity in MAC-hs

MAC-hs

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) is a

combined technology with Forward Error
Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat
reQuest (ARQ)

HARQ can provide flexible and subtle

adjustment for its process by cooperated with
AMC

HARQ

TFRC

L2
L1
L1 HARQ

Key technology: HARQ (2)

Advantage: improve transferring reliability
Disadvantage: lower utilization in bad
channel state
Advantage: good performance in
lower Bit Error Rate (BER)
Disadvantage: bad performance in
high BER
Send

F
E
C
A
R
Q

H
A
R
Q

Receive

Combine FEC and ARQ, each

sending packet includes error
detection bit and error correction bit

Send

Packet A

Receive

Packet A

Discard
Resend
whole packet

Packet A

Error packet A

Reserve
Resend data
Error packet A

Lower efficiency
Longer time delay

Packet A

Packet B

Packet A
missing data

Higher efficiency
Shorter time delay

Packet A
missing
data

Packet B
HARQ phase I
Resending is in RNCR99

Soft
combination

HARQ phase II, III

Resending is in Node B, HSDPA

Key technology: Quick scheduling (1)

HS-DPCCH (ACK/NACK and CQI)

Quick channel feedback

HSDPA channel
feedback time delay
is about 8.5 TS

1 TS = 2560 Chip

HS-SCCH

HS-SCCH

HS-PDSCH

2 TS

7.5 TS +/- 128 Chip

Standard

TTI (ms)

Channel feedback
time delay (ms)

R99

10

100 (at least)

HSDPA

5.67

N TS

Remark

Supports continuous
feedback, R5 also
supports 10ms TTI

With quick channel

feedback, HSDPA
can suitably adjust
coding rate, codes,
modulation, etc. in
time according to
the channel state

Content

Driver to HSDPA
HSDPA Theory
HSDPA Algorithm
HSDPA Solution

Scheduling Algorithm

The main aim is to calculate the relative priority of all

UEs in each TTI of 2ms according to preset
algorithm, and sort them. The UE with higher priority
will be scheduled first.
The scheduling algorithms implemented by ZTE
UMTS Node B include Max-C/I, Round robin(RR)
and Proportional fair(PF).
The parameter Scheduling Algorithm is used to set
the algorithm in cell level.

RR Algorithm

The relative priority of RR algorithm is given by:

Relative Priority = Current Time Last Time of UE

Scheduling

The unit of time in the above equation is TTI 2ms.

Current Time: Refers to current scheduling time.
It is obvious that RR algorithm has the longest
scheduling waiting time.

MAX C/I Algorithm

The MAX C/I algorithm only takes into account the channel
quality to maximize cell throughput. The relative priority of MAX
C/I algorithm is given by:

Relative Priority = CQI TBSIZE

The Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) is fed back by HS-DPCCH

of UE. The maximum MAC-hs Transmission Block Size (TBS)
of UE is obtained by querying the CQI mapping table for UE
categories provided by TS 25.214 based on current CQI, UE
categories and number of available HS-PDSCH channelization
codes.

PF Algorithm

PF algorithm takes into account both the channel quality and history
traffic, or both cell throughput and user fairness. As a tradeoff
between fairness and cell throughput. The relative priority of PF

algorithm is given by:

Relative Priority = (Weight of SPI Weight of CQI TBS) (1
+ History Traffic)

The Schedule Priority Indicator (SPI) refers to the UE scheduling

priority, which ranges between 0 and 15. The SPI is related to the UE
services. Weight of SPI refers to the weight obtained through SPI
mapping which is configured through the parameter SPI Factor(SPI
Factor). The larger the value of SPI Factor , the steeper the mapping

relation between Weight of SPI and SPI, that is, the more scheduling
chance the UEs with high SPI have.

PF Algorithm

Weight of CQI refers to the weight obtained through CQI mapping which is
configured through the parameter Channel Quality Weight. The larger the value, the

steeper the mapping relation between Weight of CQI and CQI, that is, the more
scheduling chance the UEs with high CQI have.

The history traffic of UE attenuates at a rate of 4% at intervals of 2 ms, and the

accumulated newly transmitted data increases by TBS, as given in the following
equation:

History Traffic(n) = History Traffic (n-1) * 0.96 + TBS

Where, TBSIZE is a variable because the data volume scheduled each time varies. n
refers to the times of history scheduling. History Flux(n) refers to the history flux after
n times of scheduling. TBSIZE refers to the TBSIZE of last scheduling. Under an

ideal situation: If data is scheduled every 2 ms, TBSIZE in each scheduling is

unchanged andn is sufficiently large, then History Flux will converge at about 25
times the value of TBSIZE instead of being an infinitive value.

Summary of Scheduling Algorithms

The MAX C/I algorithm focuses on the maximum cell

throughput, but is seldom adopted in practice.
The PF algorithm is the most widely used and
complicated scheduling algorithm, and also has the
best comprehensive effect.
The RR algorithm is rather simple and generally
adopted for comparison test with the PF algorithm.

HSDPA Code Resource

OVSF Code Tree

The previous figure shows the downlink OVSF code tree:

some have been allocated to the common channels.
Each channel code is represented by C (m, n), m is the
spreading frequency, n is the channel code number,
0nm-1, m is 2n.
HSDPA cells need to configure common channels and its
channel codes is similar to R99 cells. Codes of P-CPICH
and P-CCPCH are set to be (256, 0); S-CCPCH number
and SF (256~4) are changeable.

HSDPA Channel Code Allocation

When configuring the channel of the HSDPA cells, besides the

common channels similar to R99, code resources shall be

allocated to HS-SCCH (static configuration) and HS-PDSCH if

statically allocating the code resources. SF of HS-SCCH is set
to 128, and that of HS-PDSCH is set to 16. In this case R99
subscribers cant use the code resources of HSDPA.

If code resources are dynamically allocated, OMC-R will define

initial HS-DSCH, the minimum HS-DSCH and the maximum
HS-DSCH. Code resources occupied by HSDPA subscribers is
not the maximum and the minimum, if more R99 CS
subscribers want to get accessed, HSDPA code resources can
be occupied.

HSDPA Dynamic Code Allocation Methods

SF=16

SF=16

Blue color: R99 codes

Red color: HSDPA codes

Code Resources Allocation of HSDPA A-DPCHs

If a subscriber requests a fast-speed PS service, it

will be born on HSDPA. HS-SCCH, HS-PDSCH will
be occupied, and a DCH (A-DPCH) will be allocated
for signaling transmission. A-DPCH is born on 3.4k
rate and a downlink dedicated channel with SF256
will be occupied.

HSDPA Power Allocation Methods

Dynamic HSDPA power

Static HSDPA power

In case of dynamic HSDPA power, margin power normally is about 2%.

HSDPA Power Configuration

The allocation of HSDPA power is divided into dynamic

configuration and static configuration.
Dynamic configuration: HSDPA available power=cell
power * (1- power margin) -the power of R99 traffic
channels and of common channels. In this case, power
can be dynamically allocated between R99 subscribers
and HSDPA subscribers. R99 CS traffic has real-time
requirements, has the priority and can occupy HSDPA
power if necessary.
Static configuration: HSDPA power is allocated and fixed.
In this case, the power of R99 and HSDPA is
independent and cant be occupied between.

HS-PDSCH Power Control

Two types of HS-PDSCH power control algorithms are

provided. The parameter is HS-DSCH Power Control Algorithm
Type. The One is the average power control algorithm, the
average available power of all UEs that can be scheduled in
one TTI. The other is MPO power control algorithm.
PHS-PDSCH = PCPICH+MPO+

PCPICH: Refers to the receive power of pilot channel.

MPO: refers to the Measurement Power Offset.

Reference Power Adjustment obtained after querying the

CQI mapping table for UE categories.

HS-SCCH Power Control

The configuration of HS-SCCH power can either be

static or dynamic. Static configuration has little
flexibility, it means transmitting fixed power without
considering the change of the channel condition,
which will lead to the power waste when channel
condition is favorable and the inadequate power
when channel condition is bad. Dynamic power
configuration means the power can be transmitted
flexibly according to the channel condition.

HSDPA Mobility Sample

UMTS F2
(R99+HSDPA)

UMTS F1
(R99)

2G

Load Balance relations (connected mode)

Cell reselection (idle mode)
Intra Frequency Relations (idle+connected mode)
Inter-frequency Mobility (idle+connected mode)
Inter-RAT Mobility (idle+connected mode)

UMTS F2
UMTS F1
2G

HS-PDSCH Intra-frequency Handover

UE

Target Serving
Node B

Source Serving
Node B

RNC

1. Measurement Report (1d)

2. Decide to
Change HS-DSCH
Serving Cell
3. Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
4. Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
5. Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
6. Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
7. Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
8. Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
9. Physical Channel Reconfiguration
10. Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete

HSDPADCH Handover
UE

Non-Serving
Node B

Serving
Node B

RNC

1. Measurement Report (e.g. 1D)

2. Decide
HS-DSCHDCH
3. Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
4. Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
5. Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
6. Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready

7. Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit

8. Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit

9. Transport Channel Reconfiguration

10. Transport Channel Reconfiguration Complete

DCH HSDPA Handover

UE

Target Serving
Node B

Source
Node B

RNC

1. Measurement Report (e.g. 1D)

2. Decide
DCHHS-DSCH
3. Radio Link Setup Request
4. Radio Link Setup Response

5. Transport Channel Reconfiguration

6. Transport Channel Reconfiguration Complete

7. Radio Link Delete Request

8. Radio Link Delete Response

Content

Driver to HSDPA
HSDPA Theory
HSDPA Algorithm
HSDPA Solution

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

10000
9000
HSDPA
R99 PS

DL Capability (kbps)

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

distance/cell_radius %

HSDPA makes the balance between the coverage and the throughput, increase the coverage
decrease the throughput.

HSDPA provides about 200kbps in the edge of cell, Less than the R99/R4 DCH.

Recommend to combine the HSDPA and R99/R4 DCH together, at the edge of cell UE can
handover into DCH. With this combination, you can take the most advantage from R99/R4 and
HSDPA.

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

Num of HSDPA user

15

10

0
-2

4
6
8
10
Available Num of SF16 for HSDPA

12

14

16

4
6
8
10
Available Num of SF16 for HSDPA

12

14

16

Num of R99 user

150

100

50

0
-2

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

6

Cell Hsdpa Thoughput Mbit/s

5 codes HSDPA only

10 codes HSDPA only
15 codes HSDPA only

8
10
12
HSDPA User Num

14

16

18

20

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

R99 Capability Loss
100

R99 User Num Percent %

90

80

70

60

50
HSDPA heavy load
HSDPA light load

40

30
-13

-12

-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
Total HSDPA Power offset to BsTxPwer (dB)

-4

-3

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

R99 Capability Loss
100
6.5
6
90

%
User Num Percent
R99
Mbit/s
SectorThroughput

5.5
80
5
4.5
70
4

R99 N/A
R99 36dBm
R99 38dBm
R99 40dBm

60
3.5
3
50
2.5
40
2
1.5
30
-13
1

HSDPA heavy load

HSDPA light load

-12 2 -11
-10
3
-9 4
-8
5 -7
-66
-5
Total HSDPA
Power
User
offset
Numto BsTxPwer (dB)
HSDPA

7 -4

-3
8

Combination of HSDPA and R99/R4

Throughput Mbit/s

5
R99 Throughput
Hsdpa Throughput
Cell Throughput

0
10

20

30

40

50
60
70
R99 12.2k User Num

80

90

100

110

ZTE HSDPA construction solution

Network
construction plan

Frequency point
assignment
F1: HSDPA+R99/R4

Intra-frequency
plan

F2: HSDPA+R99/R4

F1: R99/R4
Inter-frequency
plan

Resource condition

Advantage: easy to do
resource control

Situation I: if HSDPA frequency

point support normal handset,
all the resource have to be
assigned within various different
frequency cells.

Advantage: voice user

+HSDPA users get good
service

Situation II: HSDPA frequency

point are only used for PC card,
resource management can be
achieved more easily.

ZTE solution

Recommended
deployment

Less inter-frequency handover,

admission control, load control
and power control can be
achieved within one same
frequency cell.

F2: HSDPA

Phase I :several hot spot,

and the important building
to deploy HSDPA

Advantage and
disadvantage

After the network

construction finished, to
achieve the high demand
of voice and PS downlink.

Disadvantage: do not
have user detail
classification

Disadvantage: resource
control will be difficult in
situation I, maybe some
frequency point resource
will be wasted at the
beginning

Phase II :all the hot spot and

several macro sites to deploy HSDPA

With the development of

3G, to provide dedicated
frequency point for
HSDPA PC card (only PS
domain)

HSDPA construction area

f1

f2

f3

R99/R4+
HSDPA

R99/R4+
HSDPA

HSDPA
(PC card)

Phase
Phase I,
IIIII

If necessary, use
a carrier only to
support PS data

Handover between HSDPA and R99/R4

handover
policy

motivation

description

Handover based
on traffic load

The traffic load for

HSDPA and R99/R4
has large difference.
Then we trigger the
handover

trigger handover while the traffic load of

HSDPA cell is too heavy and the load of
R99/R4 cell is lower, or the traffic load of
different HSDPA cells are not in balance

Handover based
on service

According to the service

type and data rate to
choose HSDPA or
R99/R4 network

Low speed data service can be handled

with FACH, Streaming service can be
handled with DCH; the rest high speed PS
data service or non-real time data service
should be assigned to HSDPA

Handover between HSDPA, R99/R4 and DCH/FACH channelscan

guarantee the service stability of HSDPA

Network analysis for HSDPA and R99/R4

After the 3G network construction, the basic demand of WCDMA network
should adopt HSDPA function, with soft smooth upgrade ability
HSDPA is not constructed as a individual network, HSDPA is a enhanced
technology of WCDMA (throughput, users)
Network construction and plan for R99 and HSDPA based on the one-shot
planning, multi-stage deployment
HSDPA and R99 share the same network, Node B supports HSDPA
function

At dense traffic area (capacity is restricted), HSDPA can share the

same site of R99 and achieve the same coverage of it.

Capacity and coverage is a balance relationship, increase the network

performance to the maximum by making a balance between them.

HSDPA for major area

Area type

Square (km2)

Erl

Dense urban

91.5

3527

Urban

179.78

4873

Suburb

3000.5

2100

total

3271.78

10500

Major area
occupy
80% traffic

Fully HSDPA
coverage for
major area!

Major area have

no more than
10% proportion

Major areadense urban + urban

Dense urban
Urban
Suburb

HSDPA outdoor coverage

Adaptive modulation
Good channel state: 16QAM

AMC

Adaptive coding rate

Good channel state: 3/4

Node B

HSDPA requires a good channel condition for high speed service:

Good channel state
Near to Node B

Micro Node B is more suitable for HSDPA

At beginning, HSDPA is suitable for micro Node B coverage of outdoor

hotspot

HSDPA indoor coverage

HSDPA indoor coverage
CBD (focus on)

Pico

Office, hotel, etc

Shopping center, airport, etc

the indices of indoor distributed

components (like power distributor)
required by HSDPA and R99 are same,
So the existing indoor distributed system
of R99/R4 is suitable for HSDPA

RRU
Power
distributor
Fiber

Twisted
pair

Feeder

Concern of HSDPA indoor coverage

Is the existing indoor distributed system
of R99/R4 suitable for HSDPA?

Macro Node B or
base band pool

Macro Node BIndoor distributed system

Macro Node B/base band poolRRU
Indoor distributed system
Micro Node BIndoor distributed system
Pico

Solution

Is capacity of the existing indoor

distributed system enoughIs the
transmission enough?

Transm
ission

HSDPA network planning case study

Planning Area: 30km2
Subscribers: 80000
Number of sites
(S111)

Site radius

52

537m

Existing R99
planning

Existing R99 sites

HSDPA planning
Planning the same
number of sites as
R99/R4

NE

Cost of NE

CN

Same

RNC

Add 5

Node B

Add 10

Total cost

Advantage

Add 8

The capacity of PS
increases 80 ~120

HSDPA transmission solution

HSDPA requires more transmission resource, because of the changing
of capacity of Node B and traffic mode
For capacity

R99 cell peak data rate:

7384Kbps=2.688Mbps

HSDPA cell peak data rate:

For traffic mode

The PS traffic mode will change greatly,

more PS traffic will rush into HSDPA
system

15960Kbps3/4 = 10.8 Mbps

Peak throughput of HSDPA cell is

4 times as that of R99 cell

Peak throughput of HSDPA cell is 4 times as that of R99 cell, and

mean throughput of HSDPA cell is 2 times as that of R99 cell
Consider both capacity and traffic mode, transmission resource of Iub
at beginning should be reserved 4 times as before or at least 2 times

ZTE serialized Node B support HSDPA

flexible update
Features

Iub Interface
After HSDPA
Update

Before HSDPA
Update
After HSDPA
Update

HSDPA Processor

Control
Before HSDPA
Update

HSDPA Processor

DL Coder

UL Decoder

DL Base-band

UL Base-band

Mid-frequency

Advanced designHSDPA
functions have been embedded
into hardware.
Just update software to support
HSDPA functions.
No additional hardware is needed!