1 Intro To M&S (EAS 3611-2013) v4

Chapter 1
Introduction to Sensors and

Measurement
10-September-2013
EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013
EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors
Chapter Outcomes
At the end of the chapter the student should be
able to:
Define in general terms what is a sensor,
Define and understand the terms used to describe
the static performance characteristics of sensors,
Determine some of the performance
characteristics of a sensor based on its datasheet,
Categorize sensor applications.
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Facts on Sensors
World sensor markets (non-military): US$ 61 billion (Exp
2010)
Pressure sensor market: ~ US$ 4 billion (Y 2005)
Automotive sensor market: ~ US$ 6.2 billion (Y 2005)
MEMS devices market: ~ US$ 5.6 billion (Y 2005)
Big players of the sensor industry:
Chemical industry (Largest nb of sensors)
Automotive industry (Luxury cars have more than 100
sensors)
Military industry (largest research budget)
Medical industry (biosensors)
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The 2010 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (1)

Shock Recorder from Diversified Technical Systems Inc.
won a gold award (Data Acquisition Products):
Size: 65 by 65 by 18 mm,
withstand 2000 g of shock,
samples at up to 20,000 sps/channel,
collects up to 1 GB of data to internal flash memory,
operate for up to 24 months on an internal battery
Vibration Dosimeter from Larson Davis, a divison of

PCB Piezotronics Inc. won a gold award:
Measures and records the vibration levels that are entering
the hand when workers use powered hand tools
MEMS Digital Vibration Sensor from Analog Devices

Inc. won a silver award:
designed for industrial equipment monitoring,
70 g dynamic range across three axes,
72.9 Ksps sample rate,
frequency response from DC to 10 kHz
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Energy harvesting wireless sensor node from MicroStrain Inc.
won a silver award:
onboard sensing (triaxial accelerometer, humidity sensor,
temperature sensor, and signal conditioning for Wheatstone-bridgebased devices)
ability to use multiple different types of energy harvesting to power
the node: piezoelectric, electrodynamic, solar, RF field, and
thermoelectric energy harvesters.
Mechanical Energy Harvester from Arveni won a bronze award:

converts actions such as the push of a button into usable electrical energy,
energy conversion efficiency of 20%35%,
energy harvester is piezoelectric,
implemented in a TV remote control.
Modular Wireless Sensor Networking Platform from Libelium

won a silver award:
transmission range up to 40 km,
operation for up to 3 years without recharging the battery,
802.15.4/ZigBee, 858 MHz, or 900 MHz operation,
Built-in carbon dioxide sensors can be used to detect forest fires,
Integrated liquid level sensors can be used to warn of river flooding.
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2013 Awards Ceremony June 5 at 3:30 p.m. Sensors Live Theater
Sensors announced the magazine's 2013 "Best of Sensors Expo" Awards for
outstanding achievement onsite at Sensors Expo & Conference 2013. The
awards were presented by Executive Editor Melanie Martella in
the Sensors Live Theater on the Expo Floor.
2013 Winners:
Engineering Team of the Year Award:
Kenneth Foust, Intel
Carlos Puig, Qualcomm
Application Award:
Gold Award: Open Geospatial Consortium
Silver Award: SENSUSS
Bronze Award: OrthoSensor
Honorable Mention Award: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and NASA-Glenn
Research Center
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Innovation Award:
Gold Award: Kionix
Gold Award: ams AG
Silver Award: LORD MicroStrain Sensing Systems
Bronze Award: LeddarTech
Honorable Mention: MultiDimension Technology
Honorable Mention: Coto Technology
Engineers of the Year Award
The winners of the inaugural Engineers of the Year Award are Kenneth Foust
of Intel and Carlos Puig of Qualcomm for their creation, in collaboration with a
number of sensor manufacturers, of theStandardized Performance Parameter
Definitions (PDF). This effort provides a common methodology for describing
the performance parameters of the sensors that are most commonly used in
consumer devices. The intent is to allow designers to more easily compare
product specifications and thus ease integration and speed time to market.
Considering how lengthy and contentious standards development can be, it is
also impressive that Ken and Carlos managed to move this important
standardization initiative from conception to first draft release in only four
months.
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Application Awards
The Gold Application Award goes to The Sensor Web Enablement Initiative from the Open Geospatial Consortium.
This initiative standardizes Web service interfaces and data encodings to create building blocks for a world wide
sensor web, creating a framework of open standards to allow diverse Web-connected sensors and sensor systems to
be accessed in an interoperable, platform-independent, and uniform way for use in disaster management, remote
sensing, environmental monitoring, public safety, and many other applications. As Randy Frank observed, "This is an
extensive standards effort and it could have a huge impact."
The Open Geospatial Consortium's Sensor Web Enablement Initiative

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Innovation Award Winners
The KMX61G from Kionix
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This year we have two Gold Innovation Awards. The

first Gold Award goes to Kionix for its KMX61G
magnetic gyro. This combination accelerometer and
magnetometer provides a lower-power alternative to
a gyroscope for consumer electronics, creating a 9axis motion sensing system from a 6-axis
magnetometer/accelerometer combined with device
sensor fusion software and calibration algorithms
working together to generate accurate emulated
gyroscope outputs. As Melanie Martella notes, "There
are a number of devices that, because of their
stringent power consumption constraints have been
unable to use gyroscopes because of the power
demands involved with their use. This device, by
providing low-power gyroscope emulation, puts that
functionality within their reach.

Innovation Award Winners Our second Gold Innovation Award goes to ams
AG for its SL13A NFC Sensory Tag IC. This singlechip combination NFC/RFID tag is optimized for
single-cell, battery-powered smart labels and
incorporates sensor functionality through a built-in
temperature sensor and an external sensor
interface. Suited for use in applications using thin
and flexible batteries, the chip can also be
powered from the RF field. The NFC capability
means that as long as you have an NFC-enabled
The SL13A NFC Sensory Tag
device with the appropriate app you can read the
IC from ams AG
tag; you don't need an installed RFID
infrastructure, although the tag works with RFID,
too. As Frank said, "It's a good execution that
fulfills the promised trend in asset monitoring." It's
powerful, flexible, and can be used for
autonomous long-term asset tracking and
monitoring for things such as buildings and
transportation along with a number of other uses.
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1.1 What is a sensor?

A sensor designates any instrument suitable for the
measurement of physical, or chemical quantities.
Instrument Society of America:

A sensor is a device which provides a
usable output in response to a specified measurand
- Output : usually an electrical quantity
- Measurand : measured physical quantity (input)
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1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

Terms used to describe the performances of a sensor.
Indicates how well the instrument is able to measure the
input.
Distinction between static and dynamic characteristics. Only
the static characteristics is described here.
Sensor characteristics given in Data Sheets:
Only selected information are displayed (marketing
document)
Information and terms used are different between
manufacturers
Difficulty to make an effective comparison between sensors
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Terms Definition
Transfer Function:
Functional relationship between input signal and output signal.
Sensitivity:
Ratio between a small change in output signal to a small change in
input signal. For a continuous relationship it is the derivative of the
Transfer Function.
The more a sensor is sensitive, the more it is able to detect changes
in the measured quantity.
Also called Scale Factor.
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Dynamic Range:
Range of the input that produces a valuable output signal. Outside
this range the measurement is not acceptable. Also called FullScale Input.
Full-Scale Output:
Range of the output signal.
Accuracy:
Largest expected error between actual and ideal output signals. Can
be indicated as a percentage of the Full-Scale Output (e.g. 2%
FSO), or as X.
Hysteresis:
Phenomenon that creates a difference in the
output curve of a sensor when the direction
of the input has been reversed.
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Nonlinearity:
Maximum deviation from a linear transfer function over the
specified dynamic range. The error generated is usually
expressed in percentage of full scale. Different methods exist
to express the nonlinearity:
Bandwidth:
Range of input signal frequency that can be detected by the
sensor in unit of Hertz.
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Noise:
Undesired signal that adds up to the sensor output signal.
Usually expressed in terms of Noise Density in unit of
Volts/Hz, if the sensor output is a voltage.
The Noise is then obtained by Noise Density* (Bandwidth).
Precision:
Its the ability of the sensor to reproduce a certain set of
readings (output) for a given input information.
Resolution:
Smallest detectable input fluctuation. Not always indicated as
it can be derived from the (noise density)/(sensitivity). Less
noise implies better resolution.
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1.3 Categories of Sensor Application

Monitoring Function
The sensor indicates the condition of the environment. It has no
control function.
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Thermometers and barometers used for weather information,

Water, and electric meters at home,
Car speed sensor,
Aircraft altimeter.
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Control Function
The sensor is a component of a control system.
Aircraft altitude-hold system (pressure sensor)
Input: Desired
Altitude Ho
Comparison
Controller
Aircraft
Output:
Real
Altitude H
SENSOR
Measured altitude
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Experimental Engineering Analysis
The sensor is used to solve engineering problems.
Flow analysis : pressure and temperature measurements
Flutter analysis : vibration measurement
Wind tunnel testing : force (lift/drag) measurements
As engineers, there are only two basic ways of solving
engineering problems: theory and experimentation.
Some (usually simple) problems can be adequately solved using
theory alone. Most problems require judiciously selected blend of
theory and experimentation.
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Features of theoretical methods
1. Often give results that are of general use rather than for
restricted application.
2. Invariably require the application of simplifying
assumptions. Thus, not the actual physical system but
rather a simplified mathematical model of the system is
studied. This means the theoretically predicted behavior is
always different from the real behavior.
3. In some cases, may lead to complicated mathematical
problems. This has blocked theoretical treatment of many
problems in the past. Today, increasing availability of
high-speed computing machines allows theoretical
treatment of many problems that could not be so treated
in the past.
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Features of theoretical methods (cont.)
4. Require only pencil, paper, computing machines, etc.
Extensive laboratory facilities are not required. (come
computers are very complex and expensive, but they can
be used for solving all kinds of problems. Much laboratory
equipment, on the other hand, is special-purpose and
suited only to a limited variety of tasks.)
5. No time delay engendered in building models, assembling
and checking instrumentation, and gathering data.
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Features of experimental methods
1. Often give results that apply only to the specific system

being tests. However, techniques such as dimensional
analysis may allow some generalization.
2. No simplifying assumptions necessary if tests are run on an
actual system. The true behavior of the system us revealed.
3. Accurate measurements necessary to give a true picture.
This may require expensive and complicated equipment. The
characteristics of all the measuring and recording equipment
must be thoroughly understood.
4. Actual system or a scale model required. If a scale model is
used, similarity of all significant features must be preserved.
5. Considerable time required for design, construction, and
debugging of apparatus.
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Types of experimental-analysis problems
1. Testing the validity of theoretical predictions based on
simplifying assumptions; improvement of theory, based on
measured behavior. Example: frequency-response testing
of mechanical linkage for resonant frequency.
2. Formulation of generalized empirical relationships in
situations where no adequate theory exists. Example:
determination of friction factor for turbulent pipe flow.
3. Determination of material, component, and system
parameters, variables and performance indices. Example:
determination of yield point of a certain alloy steel, speedtorque curves for an electric motor, thermal efficiency of a
steam turbines.
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Types of experimental-analysis problems (cont.)
4. Study of phenomena with hopes of developing a theory.
Example: electron microscopy of metal fatique cracks.
5. Solution of mathematical equations by means of analogies.
Example: solution of shaft torsion problems by
measurements on soap bubbles.
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Example: Sensitivity
Consider a thermocouple with the following input/output relationship:
V = c0 + c1T + c2T2
where V, in volt, is the output voltage from the thermocouple and
T, in kelvin, the measured temperature. The coefficients c0, c1, and
c2 are specific to the thermocouple.
Determine the sensitivity S of this sensor.
S
10-September-2013
= dV / dT
= c1 + 2c2T
Note that the sensitivity is not

constant in that particular example.
But it can be constant for a linear
input/output relationship.
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Example: Sensitivity
Consider two sensors with the following input/output graph:
Output
Sensor 2
Sensor 1
DO2
DO1
DI
Input
Which of the two sensor is the more sensitive?

For the same input, DI, the output of sensor 1 is smaller than the
output of sensor 2:
S2 (= DO2 / DI) > S1 (= DO1 / DI)
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Example: Accuracy
Consider a thermometer, with an accuracy of 2oC, used to
measure the room temperature.
At a given time and place the thermometer output is the measured

temperature Tmeas=23oC
The true value of the temperature (or of any other measured
quantity) cant be determined experimentally, as it would require a
perfect sensor.
Thats why the accuracy is so important as it gives us an idea

of where is the true value.
For this example the error realized on the measurement (e=Tmeas
Ttrue) is between -2oC and +2oC. Consequently the true
temperature (Ttrue=Tmeas + e) belongs to the interval
[Tmeas -2oC, Tmeas +2oC] = [21oC, 25oC]
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Example: Accelerometer Data Sheet
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Calculation Slide
Sensitivity: 312 mV/g for an input acceleration of 1 g, the output is
equal to 312mV
If the input acceleration is 2g, the output voltage of the accelerometer is
2x312=624mV
If the voltage reading is =1V, What is the input acceleration?
A=1/.312=3.2g=3.2x9.81ms-2
Dynamic Range:
[-2g;+2g]
Accuracy:
Usually difficult to evaluate a priori
Non linearity:
0.2% of Full Scale (FS). =0.2x4g/100=0.008g
Bandwidth:
From 0 Hz to 5000 Hz
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Chapter 1

Introduction to Sensors and

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2010 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (1)

Vibration Dosimeter from Larson Davis, a divison of

MEMS Digital Vibration Sensor from Analog Devices

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2010 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (2)

Mechanical Energy Harvester from Arveni won a bronze award:

Modular Wireless Sensor Networking Platform from Libelium

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2013 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (1)

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2013 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (2)

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2013 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (3)

The Open Geospatial Consortium's Sensor Web Enablement Initiative

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2013 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (4)

The KMX61G from Kionix

This year we have two Gold Innovation Awards. The

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

The 2013 Best of Sensors Expo Award Winners (5)

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.1 What is a sensor?

Instrument Society of America:

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.2 Sensor Performance Characteristics

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.3 Categories of Sensor Application

Thermometers and barometers used for weather information,

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.3 Categories of Sensor Application

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors

1.3 Categories of Sensor Application

EAS3611 - Measurement & Sensors - Md Amzari bin Md Zhahir 2013

EAS 3611 Measurement and Sensors