ADI SHANKARA INSTITUTE

OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
KALADY

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OUTREACH
PROGRAMME

About ASIET

ECE@ASIET

What is Electronics???
The science and technology concerned with
the development, behaviour, and
applications of electronic devices and
circuits.

MAJOR AREAS
COMMUNICATION
SIGNAL PROCESSING
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Applications in Satellites, Radars,

Missiles, Defense, Space,
Automobiles, Cell Phones,
Televisions, Computers, Robotics,
Medical Equipments, Displays,
Home Appliances..

VLSI
ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
DESIGN
ANALOG, DIGITAL, MIXED
CIRCUIT DESIGN

COMPUTER NETWORKS

And what
not???

Electronic lab equipments

A simple electronic system DC

power source- What goes inside??

AC input
Transformer

An audio amplifier/PA systemWhat goes inside??

Mic i/p
Preamplifier
..
..

Loudspeaker o/p

Smart phones- What goes inside??

Antennas
Sensors
ASICs
.
.
..

Electronic Circuits Analog, Digital,

Mixed, Discrete, Integrated

Amplifiers
Oscillators
Filters
Rectifiers
Transmitters
Receivers
Switches
..

Electronic Circuit
Is composed of different
components that are classified as
Passive and Active Components.

Are components that do not generate voltage but

controls the current in a circuit.
e.g.
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors etc.

Active Components

Are components that can generate,

amplify and even controls the current
in a circuit
e.g.

Diode, Transistor, Integrated Circuits (IC)

A. Resistor Family
Resistor
- An electrical component that is used to
oppose the flow of current

Carbon composition

Metal film

Carbon film

Color coding of carbon composition resistor

The Standard EIA Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is as follows
Color

1st band

2nd band
(Multiplier)

3rd band
(tolerance)

4th band
(Coefficient)

Temperature

Black

x1

Brown

X10

1%

100ppm

Red

X100

2%

50ppm

Orange

X1000

15ppm

Yellow

X10000

25ppm

Green

X100000

0.5%

Blue

X1000000

0.25%

Violet

X10000000

0.1%

Grey

X1000000000

0.05%

White

x10000000000

5%

Gold

X0.1

10%

Silver

X0.01

20%

None

1. Fixed resistor
- To limit the current.

2. Tapped resistor (fixed)

-A wire-wound fixed resistor having one or more
additional terminals along its length.

3. Variable resistor (potentiometer)

-is used in circuits to vary the magnitude of
resistance passing through the resistor.

4. Trimmer resistor (variable)

-is a miniature variable resistor (rheostat) used mainly in
place of a fixed resistor permit convenient adjustment of
resistance in a circuit.

5. Light dependent resistor (LDR)

There are devices that change resistance as exposed to
external photonic source.

B. Capacitor Family
Capacitor
An Electrical device that consists of two
plates separated by an insulator called
Dielectric and has the capability to charge
and discharge voltage.

1. Fixed Capacitor
- is constructed in such manner that it possesses a
fixed value of capacitance which cannot be adjusted.

2. Polarized Capacitor
(Electrolytic or Tantalum)
-have large leakage current if the voltage is inverted.
- This are most like a battery.

3. Non-polarized Capacitor
(AC Capacitor)
- are needed at AC applications in series or in
parallel with the signal (or power).

4. Varactor or Capacitive diode

- are commonly found in communication equipment
where electronic tuning is a necessity. They are an
important component of radio frequency or RF
applications.

5. Trimmer Capacitor (variable)

- having variable capacitance; used for making fine
adjustments.

6. Tuning Capacitor (variable)

- in a radio is involved in determining the frequency of an
oscillator somewhere in the radio. As that capacitance is
varied, the frequency of the oscillator changes.

C. Coil Family
Coil
-is an inductor.
- Are used in electronic circuits to introduce
inductance.

Inductor
-an electrical device formed by an insulated
wire, wound in a coil around a core having
the capability to store energy in its
electromagnetic field.
- Inductors are frequently found in tuning and
filter circuits.

D. Semi-Conductor Family

Diode
- an Electronic device that permits
current to pass or to flow in only one
direction.

Transistor
-a semi conductor device use for amplification
and switching application in electronic circuits.

Thyristor
a class of four layer semi-conductor device
used to control AC voltage application

Rectifier diode

Zener diode
- is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the
forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also
permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a
certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage"
or "zener voltage".

Photo diode
- is a type of photo detector capable of converting
light into either current or voltage, depending upon
the mode of operation. The common, traditional
solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a
large area photodiode.

Light emitting diode (LED)

- is a semi conductor light source. LEDs are used
as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting.

SCR
The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is
General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor.
This device is generally used in switching applications.

NPN and PNP Transistor

P-Channel (j-fet transistor)

and N- Channel (j-fet transistor)

MOSFET

Loudspeaker

-An electric device used to convert electrical signal to

sounds

Battery
- An energy source that uses a chemical reaction to
convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It is
composed of zinc, magnesium and a metal
connector and lead out

Ground
Common reference point of circuits

Antenna
- Intercepts and collects the radio signal that comes from
the transmitters of radio or T.V stations.

Fuse
-a protective device that blows open when there is
excessive current flow in the circuits.

Switch-

- A mechanical device that is used to turn On

and OFF a circuits. momentarily control the
power in the circuit.

Push-button Switch
(Normally open)

Push button Switch

(Normally close)

METALS,
SEMICONDUCTORS
AND INSULATORS

METALS
Metals have free electrons

Partially filled valence bands,

Therefore they are highly conductive .

SEMICONDUCTORS
Conductivity between conductors and
insulators.
Semiconductors have similar band structure as
insulators but with a much smaller band gap.

INSULATORS
Insulators possess no free charge carriers
Thus are non-conductive.

Types of Semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors
Extrinsic semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductor
Chemically very
pure
Possesses poor
conductivity
Has equal numbers
of negative carriers
(electrons) and
positive carriers
(holes).

Extrinsic Semiconductor
Impure semiconductor made by doping
process.
DOPING : adding impurities into
semiconductors.

Doping can control the conductivity.

Two types of extrinsic semiconductors
Negative charge conductor (n-type)
Positive charge conductor (p-type)

The Doping of Semiconductors

Pentavalent impurities
5 valence electrons
produce n-type semiconductors
Antimony,Arsenic,Phosphorous
Trivalent impurities
3 valence electrons
produce p-type semiconductors.
Boron, Aluminium,Gallium

N-Type Semiconductor
The addition of pentavalent impurities such as
antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes
free Electrons and increase conductivity.

P-Type Semiconductor
The addition of trivalent impurities such as
boron, aluminium or gallium to an intrinsic
semiconductor creates deficiencies of valence
electrons, called Holes

Ionized donors
Junction

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

Space charge region

(OR)
Depletion region
Potential barrier height(V0)
Potential barrier width
(W)

Open circuit PN -junction

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

Space charge region

+
+
+
+

Forward bias
VF

Open circuit PN -junction

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

Space charge region

+
+
+
+

Reverse bias
VR

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

The experimental I-V characteristic of a Si

diode

 The region between knee voltage & breakdown

voltage is known as non-ohmic region.
Above the knee & breakdown voltage the current
increases.
Breakdown voltage is due to thermally broken
covalent bonds.

Diode is conducting in forward bias &

non-conducting in reverse bias.

Introduction to Semiconductor Devices

Semiconductor p-n junction diodes

Diode and Rectifier

Diode
A diode is a two-terminal
electronic
component
with
asymmetric conductance.

Rectifier
Converts alternating current (AC), to direct
current (DC).
The process is called rectification

Types of rectifiers
Half wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier

Half Wave Rectifier

Rectifies only
half cycle of the
waveform
The output
voltage is
measured across
load resistor RL.

WAVE FORM

Full-wave rectifier circuit

Bridge rectifier
Like the half wave circuit, a Full
Wave Rectifier Circuit produces an

output voltage which is purely DC.

This configuration results in each
diode conducting in turn when its

anode terminal is positive with respect

to the transformer centre point C
producing an output during both half-

cycles.

Vac
Load

WAVE FORM

Centre tap rectifier

Only two diodes are

used,
The centre-tap is
usually considered as the
ground point or the zero
voltage reference point.
Ac input is applied to
the primary coils of the
transformer.

WAVE FORM

Zener diode
Zener diode is designed for operation in the reversebreakdown region.
The breakdown voltage is controlled by the doping level (1.8 V to -200 V).

Zener diode

Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator Circuits

Sometimes, a circuit that produces constant output voltage

while operating from a variable supply voltage is needed.

Such circuits are called voltage regulator.

Zener diode
Zener diode is designed for operation in the reversebreakdown region.
The breakdown voltage is controlled by the doping level (1.8 V to -200 V).

Zener diode

Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator Circuits

Sometimes, a circuit that produces constant output voltage

while operating from a variable supply voltage is needed.

Such circuits are called voltage regulator.

TRANSISTORS

PNP TRANSISTOR

PNP TRANSISTOR SYMBOL

NPN TRANSISTOR

PNP TRANSISTOR
CONFIGURATION

TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTICS

COMMON EMITTER
CHARACTERISTICS

TRANSISTOR MODES
Bias Mode

E-B Junction

C-B Junction

Saturation

Forward

Forward

Active

Forward

Reverse

Inverted

Reverse

Forward

Cutoff

Reverse

Reverse

What is an LED?
Light-emitting diode
Semiconductor
Has polarity

LED
Principle:
Basically LED are made from a very thin layer of fairly
heavily doped semiconductor material.

When the diode is forward biased,

electrons from

conduction band combine with holes from in valence band,

releasing sufficient energy to produce photons of light.

Photo diode
A photodiode is a diode optimized to produce an
electron current flow in response to irradiation by
ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light.
Silicon, Ge & gallium arsenide is most often used to
fabricate photodiodes.

Few electron-hole pairs in the N and Pregions, and

most in the depletion region contribute to photo
current.

Photo diode
Sun radiation
Top metal contact

+
P-diffusion
Depletion region
N-type
N+ contact region

Bottom metal contact

Photo diode Symbol

Depletion region

Heavily doped & very thin

Anode

N+

Lightly doped

Cathode
_

Solar cell
The generation of voltage across the PN junction in
a semiconductor due to the absorption of light
radiation is called photovoltaic effect.
The Devices based on this effect is called
photovoltaic device.

SCOPE OF
ELECTRONICS

DATA PROCESSING
Data Processing
Computing Power
applied to Office
Management,
Banking,
Animation, Word
Processing,
Mathematical
Computation, etc

PROCESS CONTROL
Process Control
Computing Power
applied to Robotics,
Automotive and
Aerospace Vehicle
control, Industrial
Plant control, etc.

DATA COMMUNICATION
Data
Communications
(LAN and WAN)
and various other
Transmission Line
systems including
Telephone
Communication.

What is a circuit?
Combination of electronic parts, wires connected between
power sources. It's like a physical program. It's also like setting
up dominoes in sequence.

What is a breadboard?
What are they good for?
Creatings, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.
Literally started out as a bread board with nails.

What are LEDs?

Light Emitting Diodes
Diode Symbol + Arrows for light
Points to ground

LED Circuit
1 LED Plus resistor
Why have a resistor?
Current, limiting.

Series circuit example

Parallel Circuit example

Parallel and Series Circuit Example